Brain Metabolism

Question 1

What is ATP used to maintain in the brain

Answer 1

Ionic gradient, molecule transport, and NT biosynthesis

Question 2

What fuel can cross the BBB

Answer 2

Glucose (Glut-3)

Question 3

What maintains glucose levels in brain during fasting state

Answer 3

Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis

Question 4

After a prolonged fast, what becomes the major brain fuel

Answer 4

Ketone bodies

Question 5

Ketone bodies production reduces gluconeogenesis to spare body protein from AA degradation

Answer 5

Glucose sparing

Question 6

Glucose uptake in the brain by GLUT-3 does not dependent on what

Answer 6

Insulin

Question 7

Uptake of glucose and KB’s

Answer 7

Facilitated diffusion

Question 8

Which transporter is used by KB, shared with pyruvate, lactate, and acetate

Answer 8

Monocarboxylate

Question 9

What happens to the KB transporter during starvation

Answer 9

Unregulated by gene expression

Question 10

Which fatty acids can cross the BBB

Answer 10

Dietary essential

Question 11

Thiamine (Vit B-1) deficiency due to poor diet or alcoholism and responds to thiamine supplement

Answer 11

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Question 12

Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff

Answer 12

Mental confusion
Ataxia
Ophthalmoplegia

Question 13

Chronic state Wernicke-Korsakoff that causes retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia

Answer 13

Korsakoff psychosis

Question 14

Thiamine (Vit B-1) deficiency due to mono cereal diet, polished white rice as main carb

Answer 14

Beri Beri

Question 15

Small uncharged molecules and non-polar substances freely cross the BBB by

Answer 15

Passive diffusion

Question 16

Hydrophobic drugs such as phenobarbital cross slower and bind to what protein in the blood

Answer 16

Albumin

Question 17

Essential FA and vitamins need what to cross through BBB

Answer 17

Specific transporters

Question 18

How do proteins such as insulin cross BBB

Answer 18

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 19

How do large neutral (essential) AA cross BBB

Answer 19

Facilitating transporter

Question 20

In PKU patients, very high Phenylalanine levels overwhelm facilitative transporter and what occurs

Answer 20

Brain starved of other essential AA

Question 21

Which AA and amines are blocked from crossing BBB b/c they can be synthesize in the brain

Answer 21

Glutamate and Aspartate

Dopamine and GABA

Question 22

L-Dopa and DOPA carboxylase inhibitor are given together as treatment for

Answer 22

Parkinson’s

Question 23

Where does the brain derive its specialized, complex and VLC lipids

Answer 23

Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Question 24

VLC lipids are needed for synthesis of what

Answer 24

Myelin (70% lipid)

Question 25

Myelin has a high content of what

Answer 25

Sphingomyelin and Cerebrosides

Question 26

Two major proteins in myelin sheath

Answer 26

Proteolipid and Myelin Basic

Question 27

Disease caused by progressive destruction of CNS myelin, forming sclerotic plaques

Answer 27

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 28

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 28

Weakness Lack of coordination Loss of vision *Fatal

Question 29

An autoimmune disease maybe triggered by viral infection

Answer 29

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 30

Appearance of Multiple Sclerosis is dependent on what

Answer 30

Genetic and environmental influence (multifactorial etiology)

Question 31

Disease caused by misfolded protein Humans: CJD or Kuru Sheep: Scrapie Cattle: BSE Cattle to Human: variant CJD

Answer 31

Prion Diseases

Question 32

Misfolded Prion converts normal Prion to infectious form and forms what

Answer 32

Plaques on nuerons

Question 33

Normal Prion has no what

Answer 33

B-sheets

Question 34

Abnormal prion is composed of mostly what

Answer 34

B-sheets, resistant to protease digestion

Question 35

Symptoms of Prion Disease

Answer 35

Neurodegeneration Dementia Paralysis —> Death

Question 36

Amyloid plaques of Alzheimer’s contain what

Answer 36

Amyloid-Beta-Peptide (42) which is neurotoxic

Question 37

Alzheimer’s tangles contain which protein

Answer 37

Tau

Question 38

Alzheimer’s results from the inappropriate accumulation of what proteolytic fragments

Answer 38

Beta-amyloid precursor protein