Brain Neuro Transmitter Systems

Question 0

What is the concentration of chloride in the cell and in the CSF?

Answer 0

5mmol in the cell

120mmol outside the cell

Question 1

What are the two main types of channels?

Answer 1

Voltage gated - Na and Ca

Ligand gated - glutamate, GABA, 5 HT

Question 2

What is the reversal potential for chloride?

Answer 2

Approximately -70

Question 3

How fast are the ligand gated channels?

Answer 3

Tens of milliseconds per opening

Question 4

What are metabatropic receptors?

Answer 4

Typically inhibitory
Interacts GTP-binding proteins
Modulates voltage gated channels
Typically enhance K or inhibits Ca

Question 5

What is an NMDA receptor?

Answer 5

One that responds to glutamate

Tells calcium to go in

Question 6

What are the vast majority of receptors?

Answer 6

G protein coupled receptors

Question 7

What are tyrosine kinase receptors?

Answer 7

Growth factor receptors

Question 8

What infectious agent affects GI?

Answer 8

Pertussis

Inactivated it

Question 9

How does prednisone and INF-beta

Answer 9

Transcription factor and couples to tyrosine kinase respectively

Question 10

What is the rate of synaptic transmission?

Answer 10

0.5 mesic per synapse

Question 11

What do inhibitory post synaptic potentials do?

Answer 11

Hyper polarize the membrane

Question 12

How does lidocaine work?

Answer 12

Plugs up sodium channels

Question 13

What is drug mechanism does the treatment for Parkinson’s do?

Answer 13

Give a precursor for dopamine

Stimulate synthesis

Question 14

What is a drug that causes release of neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

Amphetamines

Question 15

What are the two organizations of neuronal systems?

Answer 15

Hierarchical and diffuse

First has specific effect the later has many effects

Question 16

What is glutamate associated with?

Answer 16

Hierarchical
Motor pathways
Excitatory
Postsynaptic

Question 17

What are the three main types of glutamate receptors?

Answer 17

AMPA (Na and K)
NMDA (ca, Na, and K) - involved in memory. Needs depolarized membrane potential to work
Kainic acid (Na and K)

Question 18

What does glutamate do presynaptically?

Answer 18

Inhibits

Question 19

What does GABA do?

Answer 19

Inhibits
GABA a is a chloride channel to hyper polarize cells

GABA b is a metabatropic receptor either augmenting K or inhibiting Ca. Also inhibits adenlyl cyclase.

Question 20

What are drugs that enhance GABA receptors?

Answer 20

Benzodiazepines to cause sedation

A GABA receptor (baclofen) is a muscle relaxant

Question 21

What happens of you take away the influence of GABA?

Answer 21

Get a chicken with its head cut off

Convulsions

Question 22

What does glycine do?

Answer 22

Inhibitory of the spinal cord and brainstem
Strict 9 blocks it
Inhibitory
Receptor is permeable to chloride

Question 23

What does acetylcholine do?

Answer 23

Acts on:
Nicotinic receptors - sodium channel depolarization

Muscarinic receptors - reduce cAMP or increase Ca
Also increase potassium permeability
Involved in cognitive function and memory

Question 24

What does dopamine do?

Answer 24

Two receptors D1- couples to G proteins stim cAMP produc Probably associated with Tourette's D2- couples to G protein to suppress cAMP Important from substantia Nigra to striatum (Parkinson's) Suppresses GABA release Slow inhibitory action Present limib lobe Stimulators to movement

Question 25

What is norepinephrine?

Answer 25

High concentrations in locus coeruleus - blue spot Acts via alpha 2 receptors - increase k conductance Also alpha 1 Diffuse system

Question 26

What do alpha 2 antagonists do?

Answer 26

Muscle spasmolytis

Question 27

What are alpha 1 and beta receptors do?

Answer 27

Involved with attention and arousal

Question 28

What receptors does serotonin act on?

Answer 28

5HT3 receptors - ionotropic and excitatory, conducts cations 5HT2a receptors - is metabotropic. agents that block this improve schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Question 29

What receptor is involved with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder?

Answer 29

5HT2a

Question 30

What do serotonin re uptake inhibitors do?

Answer 30

Increase the amount of serotonin interacting with the receptor. Creates an anti-depressant effect

Question 31

What area is serotonin abundantly present?

Answer 31

In raphe and midline regions of the pons

Question 32

What do opioids do?

Answer 32

``` It's a diffuse system Suppress pain Decrease calcium and cAMP Also interact with delta and kappa receptors Works in the spinal cord ```

Question 33

What NT is associated with motor stimulation diseases?

Answer 33

Glutamte

Question 34

What NT(s) is/are associated with motor inhibition diseases?

Answer 34

GABA Glycine Norepinephrine

Question 35

What NT(s) is/are associated with motor stimulation diseases via inhibition of inhibition?

Answer 35

Dopamine

Question 36

What NT(s) is/are associated with memory disease?

Answer 36

Acetylcholine

Question 37

What NT(s) is/are associated with psychoses?

Answer 37

Dopamine D2 receptor | 5 - hydroxy tryptamine 2 receptors

Question 38

What NT(s) is/are associated with pain disease?

Answer 38

Opioids