Brain science stuff

Question 1

VPL of thalamus

Answer 1

-Input: Spinothalamuc and dorsal columns/medial lemniscus-Info: Pain and temp; Pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception–> primary somatosensory cortex

Question 2

VPM of thalamus

Answer 2

-Input: Trigeminal, gustatatory-Info: Face sensation, taste–> Primary somatosensory cortex”Very Pretty Makeup: face sensation and taste”

Question 3

LGN of thalamus

Answer 3

-Input: CN2-Info: Vision–> Calcarine sulcus “Light Goes North”

Question 4

MGN of thalamus

Answer 4

-Input: Superior olive, Inferior colliculus of tectum-Info: Hearing–> Auditory cortex of temporal lobe”MGN music studios”

Question 5

VL of thalamus

Answer 5

-Input: Basal ganglia-Info: Motor–> Motor cortex”Varsity Lacrosse”

Question 6

Limbic System

Answer 6

NAME?

Question 7

Cerebellum INput

Answer 7

NAME?

Question 8

Cerebellum OUTput

Answer 8

-Contralateral cortex: to modulate movement (Purkinje –> deep nucleus of cerebellum –> Contralateral cortex via Superior Cerebellar Peducnle)

Question 9

Cerebellum: Deep nuclei

Answer 9

-Deep nuclei (lateral –> medial): Dentate, Emboliform, Globse, Fastigial-Lateral: voluntary mvmt of extremities. (injured? fall to ipsilateral side as injury)-Medial: balance, truncal coordination

Question 10

Parkinsons

Answer 10

-Degeneration of Dopamiergic neurons in Substantia Nigra pars compacta-Path: Lewy bodies = alpha-synuclein intracellular inclusions-TRAP = Tremor, cogwheel Rigidity, Akinseia (slow to initiate mvmt, or Bradykinesia-slow execution of mvmts), Postural instability

Question 11

Huntingtons ds

Answer 11

-CAG expansion, chr 4-sxs: Chorea, aggression, depression, dementia-Neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity-Atrophy of striatal nuclei (main inhibitors of mvmt - putamen and caudate) - lose Ach and GABA

Question 12

Hemiballisums

Answer 12

-Sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm (+/- ipsilateral leg)=lesion: Contralateral subthalamic nucelus (e.g. lacunar stroke)

Question 13

Chorea

Answer 13

-Sudden, jerky, purposeless mvmts=lesion: Basal ganglia (e.g. Huntington’s)

Question 14

Athetosis

Answer 14

-Slow, writhing mvmts (snake-like); esp in fingers=lesion: Basal ganglia (e.g. Huntington’s)

Question 15

Myoclonus

Answer 15

-Sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contraction-Jerks; hiccups; common in metabolic abnormalities like renal/liver failure

Question 16

Dystonia

Answer 16

-sustained, involuntary contractions-e.g. Writer’s cramp, Blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)

Question 17

Essential tremor (postural)

Answer 17

-Action tremor; exacerbated by holding posture/limb position-Genetic predisposition, pts often self-medicate w ETOH which decr tremor amplitude-Rx: Beta blockers, Primidone

Question 18

Resting tremor

Answer 18

NAME?

Question 19

Intention tremor

Answer 19

Slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending twd a target=Cerebellar dysfxn

Question 20

Amgydala lesion (BL)

Answer 20

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (Hyperorality - examine things w mouth, Hypersexuality, Disinhibited behavior=amdyala: fear, primitive emotion

Question 21

Frontal lobe lesion

Answer 21

Disinhibtion, deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment-may have reemergence of primitive reflexes

Question 22

Right* parietal lobe lesion

Answer 22

-Spatial neglect syndrome= Agnosia (can’t recognize) of the CL side of the world

Question 23

Reticular activating system (midbrain) lesion

Answer 23

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness (e.g. coma)-Midbrain: relay station for audio and visual input

Question 24

Mamillary bodies (BL) lesion

Answer 24

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome: Acute confusion, ataxia, Opthalmoplgia (also memory loss-anterograde and retrograde - confabulation, personality changes-Thiamine/B1 deficiency and ETOH. Exacerbated if given glucose

Question 25

Cerebellar hemisphere lesion

Answer 25

-Intention tremor, limb ataxia, loss of balance-Damage to cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits --> fall twd side of lesion

Question 26

Cerebellar vermis lesion

Answer 26

-Truncal ataxia, dsyarthria (motor-speech disorder)--affects the Central body

Question 27

Subthalamic nucleus lesion

Answer 27

Contralateral hemiballlismus

Question 28

Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF) lesion

Answer 28

Eyes look away from side of lesion

Question 29

Frontal eye fields lesion

Answer 29

Eyes look twds lesion

Question 30

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

Answer 30

#NAME?

Question 31

Broca's aphasia (typically left)

Answer 31

-Brocas area: inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe-Nonfluent aphasia (can't speak), Intact comprehension

Question 32

Wernickes (typically left)

Answer 32

#NAME?

Question 33

Global aphasia

Answer 33

-both Broca's and Wernicke's affected=Nonfluent aphasia w impaired comprehension (can't speak, don't realize it)

Question 34

Conduction aphasia

Answer 34

#NAME?