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Neurochirurgie > Brain Syndromes > Flashcards

Brain Syndromes Flashcards

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1
Q

Bilaterale ideomotorische apraxie

A

Verbale taken niet kunnen uitvoeren die normaal gezien zeer vlot gaan.

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2
Q

Cerebral diachisis

A

Hypometabolisme van de cerebellaire cortex contralateraal aan een laesie in de cerebrale hemisfeer.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Cranial nerve dysfunction in jugular foramen syndromes can lead to _______ of the trapezius muscle.

A

weakness

This is a result of lesions affecting cranial nerve XI.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Millard-Gubler syndrome includes contralateral hemiplegia from a lesion in the _______.

A

base of pons

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: The syndrome of the Sylvian aqueduct includes _______ combined with downgaze palsy.

A

Parinaud’s syndrome

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: Weber’s syndrome includes Cr. N. III palsy with _______ hemiparesis.

A

contralateral

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7
Q

Foster-Kennedy syndrome

A

Ipsilaterale anosmie en centraal scotoom + contralateraal papiloedeem

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8
Q

Gerstmann syndrome (waar, wat)

A
  • Supramarginale gyrus en angular van dominante hemisfeer
  • agrafie zonder alexie, rechts-links verwisseling, vinger agosnie en acalculie
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9
Q

Is CM part of cerebellar syndrome?

A

No

CM refers to a condition that is not classified as part of cerebellar syndrome.

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10
Q

True or False: Benedikt’s syndrome involves a lesion in the midbrain tegmentum.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Cranial nerve dysfunction in jugular foramen syndromes can result in vocal cord paralysis.

A

True

This is primarily due to the involvement of cranial nerve X.

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12
Q

True or False: In cortical sensory syndrome, pain and temperature sensations are lost.

A

False

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13
Q

True or False: Parinaud’s syndrome can occur without downgaze palsy.

A

True

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14
Q

Unilateraal pariëtaal syndroom

A
  • Cortical sensorisch syndroom en sensorische extinctie
  • Homonieme hemianospie
  • (Anosognosmie)
  • CL neglect
  • Afwezigheid van optokinetische nystagmus
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15
Q

Wat loopt door foramen jugulare?

A
  • CN IX - X - XI
  • Sinus sigmoïdeus
  • Sinus petrosus
  • Enkele meningeale takken van opstijgende a pharyngea en occipitalis
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16
Q

What additional lesion is associated with Benedikt’s syndrome compared to Weber’s syndrome?

A

Red nucleus lesion

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17
Q

What are the components of posterior fossa syndrome?

A

Cerebellar mutism syndrome + cranial nerve deficits, neurobehavioral changes & urinary incontinence or retention

Arising from damage to the posterior fossa region of the brain.

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18
Q

What are the etiologies of Collet-Sicard syndrome?

A
  • Condylar and Jefferson’s fractures
  • Internal carotid dissection
  • Primary and metastatic tumors
  • Lyme disease
  • Fibromuscular dysplasia
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19
Q

What are the etiologies of Tapia syndrome?

A
  • Oral intubation (majority of cases prior to 2013)
  • Metastases
  • Rarely associated with carotid or vertebral artery dissections
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20
Q

What are the etiologies of Villaret’s syndrome?

A
  • Parotid tumors
  • Metastases
  • External carotid aneurysm
  • Osteomyelitis of the skull base
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21
Q

What are the key features of Benedikt’s syndrome?

A

Cr. N. III palsy with contralateral hemiparesis, arm hyperkinesia, ataxia, and coarse intention tremor

Lesion: midbrain tegmentum involving red nucleus, brachium conjunctivum, and fascicles of III.

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22
Q

What are the sensory deficits associated with cortical sensory syndrome?

A
  • Loss of position sense
  • Loss of passive movement sense
  • Inability to localize tactile stimuli
  • Inability to localize thermal stimuli
  • Inability to localize noxious stimuli
  • Asterognosis
  • Agraphesthesia
  • Loss of two-point discrimination
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23
Q

What are the symptoms associated with a lesion on cranial nerve X?

A

Paralysis of vocal cords & palate, anesthesia of pharynx & larynx

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Collet-Sicard syndrome?

A

Unilateral paralysis of the palate, vocal cords, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, tongue, loss of taste in posterior 1/3 tongue, anesthesia of soft palate, larynx, and pharynx. Paralysis of the tongue and atrophy.

Symptoms indicate dysfunction of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII.

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25
What are the symptoms of Millard-Gubler syndrome?
Facial (VII) & abducens (VI) palsy + contralateral hemiplegia ## Footnote Lesion in base of pons (usually ischemic infarct, occasionally tumor).
26
What are the symptoms of Tapia syndrome?
Hoarseness of voice, dysphagia, unilateral atrophy and paralysis of the tongue, ± paralysis of sternocleidomastoid & trapezius, sparing the soft palate.
27
What are the symptoms of Vernet's syndrome?
Unilateral paralysis of the palate, vocal cords, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, with loss of taste in the posterior 1/3 tongue, anesthesia of the soft palate, larynx, and pharynx. ## Footnote Symptoms indicate dysfunction of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI.
28
What are the symptoms of Villaret’s syndrome?
As with Collet-Sicard + Horner syndrome. ## Footnote Horner syndrome is characterized by ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
29
What are the three main symptoms of cerebellar syndrome?
Ataxia, dysmetria, nystagmus ## Footnote Ataxia refers to lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, dysmetria is the inability to control the distance, power, and speed of a muscular action, and nystagmus is an involuntary eye movement.
30
What does allocheiria refer to?
One-sided stimuli perceived contralaterally.
31
What eye movement functions are preserved in Parinaud’s syndrome?
Vestibulo-ocular or oculocephalic (doll’s eyes) reflexes
32
What is agraphesthesia?
Inability to interpret numbers written on hand.
33
What is anosognosia?
Indifference or unawareness of deficits; patient may deny that a paralyzed extremity is theirs.
34
What is Anton-Babinski syndrome?
A unilateral asomatognosia often associated with non-dominant parietal lesions.
35
What is apathy in the context of Anton-Babinski syndrome?
Indifference to failure.
36
What is asterognosis?
Inability to judge object size, shape, and identity by feel.
37
What is cerebellar mutism syndrome?
CM, ataxia, hypotonia & irritability ## Footnote Cerebellar mutism syndrome is characterized by the absence of speech following cerebellar injury, often accompanied by other symptoms.
38
What is Collet-Sicard syndrome?
Palsies of CN IX, X, XI & XII without sympathetic involvement, more likely with lesion outside skull. ## Footnote If caused by an intracranial lesion, it would usually produce brainstem compression.
39
What is Collier’s sign in the context of Parinaud’s syndrome?
Lid retraction
40
What is cortical sensory syndrome?
Lesion of postcentral gyrus, especially area that maps to hand.
41
What is dressing apraxia?
Neglect of one side of the body in dressing and grooming.
42
What is extinction in relation to sensory perception?
Patient is unaware of contralateral stimulus when presented with double-sided simultaneous stimulation.
43
What is Jackson’s syndrome?
CN X, XI & XII palsy
44
What is Parinaud’s syndrome also known as?
Dorsal midbrain syndrome or pretectal syndrome
45
What is Parinaud’s syndrome?
A syndrome characterized by eye movement abnormalities, particularly affecting vertical gaze.
46
What is Schmidt syndrome? + other name
CN X & XI, also known as vago-spinal syndrome. ## Footnote It involves unilateral vocal cord and paralysis of sternocleidomastoid, soft palate, larynx, and trapezius.
47
What is Tapia syndrome?
CN X & XII palsy (± XI), also known as Matador’s disease. ## Footnote First described in a bullfighter by Antonio Garcia Tapia.
48
What is the result of a lesion on cranial nerve IX?
Loss of taste and sensation in posterior third of tongue
49
What is the result of a lesion on cranial nerve XI?
Weak trapezius & SCM
50
What is the result of a lesion on cranial nerve XII?
Tongue paralysis & atrophy
51
What is the syndrome of the Sylvian aqueduct?
A condition that includes Parinaud’s syndrome combined with downgaze palsy.
52
What is Vernet’s syndrome?
CN IX, X & XI palsy, also known as the syndrome of the jugular foramen. Usually due to intracranial lesion. ## Footnote Etiologies include jugular foramen tumors, ICA dissections, mycotic aneurysms of the external carotid, thrombosis of the jugular vein, and following carotid endarterectomy.
53
What is Villaret’s syndrome?
CN IX, X, XI & XII palsy + sympathetic dysfunction, also known as posterior retropharyngeal syndrome. ## Footnote It is Collet-Sicard syndrome with sympathetic involvement, usually due to retropharyngeal lesions.
54
What is Weber’s syndrome?
Cr. N. III palsy with contralateral hemiparesis ## Footnote Also see Lacunar strokes. Third nerve palsies from parenchymal lesions may be relatively pupil sparing.
55
What part of the brain is damaged in Parinaud’s syndrome?
Mesencephalon
56
What sensations are preserved in cortical sensory syndrome?
* Pain * Touch * Pressure * Vibration * Temperature
57
What sign is produced by the combination of upgaze palsy and lid retraction in Parinaud’s syndrome?
Setting sun sign
58
What syndrome is associated with sympathetic dysfunction?
Horner syndrome ## Footnote Horner syndrome results from disruption of sympathetic nerves to the eye.
59
What type of gaze palsy is associated with Parinaud’s syndrome?
Supranuclear upward gaze palsy
60
What type of paralysis is characteristic of Parinaud’s syndrome?
Supranuclear paralysis of vertical gaze
61
What other types of palsy, expect vertical gaze palsy, are present in Parinaud’s syndrome?
Convergence palsy and accommodation palsy
62
Where is the lesion located in Millard-Gubler syndrome?
Base of pons
63
Which eye movements are spared in Parinaud’s syndrome?
Horizontal eye movements
64
Which syndromes are associated with cranial nerve X dysfunction?
* Vernet * Collet Sicard * Villaret * Tapia * Jackson * Schmidt ## Footnote These syndromes can result from lesions affecting the vagus nerve.
65
Which syndromes are associated with cranial nerve XI dysfunction?
* Vernet * Collet Sicard * Villaret * Tapia * Jackson * Schmidt
66
Which syndromes are associated with cranial nerve XII dysfunction?
* Vernet * Collet Sicard * Villaret * Tapia

Neurochirurgie (13 decks)

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