Brainbusters

Question 1

Important chemical mediators produced by the Endothelium of Tunica Interna

Answer 1

Prostacycin (vasodilator)
Endothelin (vasoconstrictor)
Nitric Oxide (vasodilator)
Thromboxane (vasoconstrictor)
Tissue Plasminogen (fibrinolytic)
Von Willebrand Factor (platelet adhesion)

Question 2

Autoregulation of BP: Vasodilating chemicals

Answer 2

H+
Histamine
Adenosine
Nitric Oxide
Kinins
K+
Lactic Acid

Question 3

Autoregulation of BP: Vasoconstricting chemicals

Answer 3

Serotonin
Endothelin
Thromboxane A2

Question 4

• Ability of tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match metabolic demands
• LOCAL changes occurring in capillary beds regulating VASOMOTION

Answer 4

Autoregulation

Question 5

Autoregulation also controls regional blood flow in the ____.

Blood distribution to various regions in ____ changes drastically for different physical and mental activity (e..g, speaking or listening)

Answer 5

Brain

Question 6

Two different stimuli cause autoregulatory changes in blood flow:

Answer 6

1. Physical changes (warming, cooling, myogenic response)

2. Vasodilation and vasoconstricting chemicals

Question 7

Cells that release chemicals that indirectly alter blood-vessel diameter (not all inclusive):

Answer 7

WBCs
Platelets
Smooth Muscle fibers
Macrophages
Endothelial cells

Question 8

During exercise, selective vasodilation occurs in:

Also, resistance decreases in these active tissues…

Answer 8

Skin
Skeletal Muscle
Heart
Lungs
Liver

Question 9

During exercise, selective vasoconstriction occurs in:

Answer 9

Digestive System
Reproductive System
Kidneys

Question 10

Elastic arteries include:

Answer 10

Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk/arteries
Braciocephalic
Common Carotids
Subclavians
Common Iliacs

Question 11

In elastic arteries, an expansion causes a momentray storage of mechanical energy called a

Answer 11

pressure reservoir

AKA “conducting arteries

Question 12

Exchange of nutrients can only occur at what two levels?

Answer 12

capillary and postcapillary venules

Question 13

Capillaries are not found in

Answer 13

Cornea of the eye
Lens of the eye
Cartilage

Question 14

VASOMOTION is mostly due to local chemicals released by endothelial cells in response to:

Answer 14

Oxygen level
CO2 levels
Hydrogen level
Lactic acid

Question 15

Continuous Capillaries found in:

Answer 15

Muscle
Skin
CNS
Lungs

Question 16

Fenestrated Capillaries found in:

Answer 16

Ciliary processes of eye
Choroid plexuses of ventricles of brain
Kidneys
Endocrine
Villi of small intestine

Question 17

Sinusoid capillaries found in:

Answer 17

Bone marrrow
Endocrine
Liver
Lymph
Spleen

Question 18

Most distensible elements of entire vascular system

Answer 18

Postcapillary venules AND

Muscular venules

Question 19

Most blood is found in ____, which is why they are known as ____ or _____

Answer 19

systemic veins and venules

blood reservoirs or capacitance vessels

Question 20

Capillary exchange: substance leave and enter through three basic mechanisms:

Answer 20

Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow

Question 21

Transcytosis is mainly used for:

Answer 21

Large, lipid soluble molecules such as:

• insulun
• Certain antibodies and proteins (from maternal circulation into fetal circulation)

Question 22

Bulk flow is ___ driven, not concentration.

Answer 22

pressure

it’s also a PASSIVE process and RAPID

Question 23

Bulk flow consists of two pressure-driven mechanisms

Answer 23

Filtration

Reabsorption

Question 24

Diameter is _____ proportional to resistance

Answer 24

inversely

Question 25

Increased diameter = _____ resistance and therefore ______ flow rate

Answer 25

decreased | increased

Question 26

Cross sectional area is _____ proportional to velocity of flow

Answer 26

inversely

Question 27

For control of blood pressure and flow, CV center regulates these three mechanisms:

Answer 27

Heart Rate Contractility Blood vessel diameter

Question 28

Increased length does what to flow and resistance?

Answer 28

Increases resistance | decreases flow

Question 29

Decreased compliance does what to resistance, BP, and flow?

Answer 29

Increase resistance increase BP decrease flow

Question 30

5 Variable affecting FLow

Answer 30

``` CO Compliance Volume of Blood VOlume of Viscosity Blood vessel length/diameter ```

Question 31

Areas of the brain that lack a BBB (thus allowing for capillary exchange)

Answer 31

hypothalamus pineal gland pituitary gland

Question 32

CV regulates (3 mechanisms):

Answer 32

HR Contractility Blood vessel diameter

Question 33

CV output (3 "centers")

Answer 33

Cardio-stimulatory center cardio-inhibitory center Vasomotor center

Question 34

Input to the CV Center

Answer 34

Higher brain input: Cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus Sensory receptors: proprioreceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 35

Sympathetic output from CV reaches the heart through

Answer 35

cardiac accelerator nerves (increases HR and contractility)

Question 36

Continual sympathetic impulses are sent to ___ and ____ throughout the body, which is where _____ comes from.

Answer 36

arteries and arterioles vascular tone

Question 37

A reduction in the ____ of ____ impulses reduces vascular tone.

Answer 37

rate | sympathetic

Question 38

There is NO ____ control over vascular tone

Answer 38

parasympathetic

Question 39

When a drop in BP occurs, the baroreceptor reflexes are stretched less, which causes impulses to be sent slower. Then the CV decreases (inhibits) _____ stimulation and increases (stimulates) ____ stimulation

Answer 39

parasympathetic | sympathetic

Question 40

Regarding baroreceptor reflexes, an increase in BP leads to impulses being sent a faster rate, which increases ______ stimulation (through vagal nerves) and decreases _____ (through cardiac accelerator nerves)

Answer 40

parasympathetic | sympathetic

Question 41

Chemoreceptor reflexes detect certain changes in blood concentration levels of:

Answer 41

O2 (hypoxia) CO2 (hypercapnia) H+ (acidosis)

Question 42

Hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia stimulate the chemoreceptors, leading to sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins, causing _____

Answer 42

vasoconstriction