BrainScape_Data_Analytics_Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
A/B testing
A
The process of testing two variations of the same web page to determine which page is more successful at attracting user traffic and generating revenue
2
Q
Absolute reference
A
A reference within a function that is locked so that rows and columns won’t change if the function is copied
3
Q
Access control
A
Features such as password protection, user permissions, and encryption that are used to protect a spreadsheet
4
Q
Accuracy
A
The degree to which data conforms to the actual entity being measured or described
5
Q
Action-oriented question
A
A question whose answers lead to change
6
Q
Administrative metadata
A
Metadata that indicates the technical source of a digital asset
7
Q
Aesthetic (R)
A
A visual property of an object in a plot
8
Q
Agenda
A
A list of scheduled appointments
9
Q
Aggregation
A
The process of collecting or gathering many separate pieces into a whole
10
Q
Algorithm
A
A process or set of rules followed for a specific task
11
Q
Aliasing
A
Temporarily naming a table or column in a query to make it easier to read and write
12
Q
Alternative text
A
Text that provides an alternative to non-text content, such as images and videos
13
Q
Analytical skills
A
Qualities and characteristics associated with using facts to solve problems
14
Q
Analytical thinking
A
The process of identifying and defining a problem, then solving it by using data in an organized, step-by-step manner
15
Q
Annotation
A
Text that briefly explains data or helps focus the audience on a particular aspect of the data in a visualization
16
Q
Anscombe’s quartet
A
Four datasets that have nearly identical summary statistics but contain different plotted values
17
Q
Area chart
A
A data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable connected by a continuous line with a filled in area underneath
18
Q
Argument (R)
A
Information needed by a function in R in order to run
19
Q
Arithmetic operator
A
An operator used to perform basic math operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
20
Q
Array
A
A collection of values in spreadsheet cells
21
Q
Assignment operator
A
An operator used to assign values to variables and vectors
22
Q
Attribute
A
A characteristic or quality of data used to label a column in a table
23
Q
Audio file
A
Digitized audio storage usually in an MP3, AAC, or other compressed format
24
Q
AVERAGE
A
A spreadsheet function that returns an average of the values from a selected range
25
AVERAGEIF
A spreadsheet function that returns the average of all cell values from a given range that meet a specified condition B
26
Bad data source
A data source that is not reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)
27
Balance
The design principle of creating aesthetic appeal and clarity in a data visualization by evenly distributing visual elements
28
Bar graph
A data visualization that uses size to contrast and compare two or more values
29
Bias
A conscious or subconscious preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing
30
Big data
Large, complex datasets typically involving long periods of time, which enable data analysts to address far-reaching business problems
31
Boolean data
A logical data type with only two possible values, usually true or false
32
Borders
Lines that can be added around two or more cells on a spreadsheet
33
Box plot
A data visualization that displays the distribution of values along an x-axis
34
Bubble chart
A data visualization that displays individual data points as bubbles, comparing numeric values by their relative size
35
Bullet graph
A data visualization that displays data as a horizontal bar chart moving toward a desired value
36
Business metric
A standard of measurement used to solve a business task
37
Business task
The question or problem data analysis resolves for a business C
38
C#
An object-oriented programming language used to create games and mobile apps in the .NET open source developer platform
39
C++
An extension of the C programming language that is used to create console games, such as those for Xbox
40
Calculated field
A new field within a pivot table that carries out certain calculations based on the values of other fields
41
Calculus
A branch of mathematics that involves the study of rates of change and the changes between values that are related by a function
42
CASE
A SQL statement that returns records that meet conditions by including an if/then statement in a query
43
Case study
A common way for employers to assess job skills and gain insight into how a candidate approaches common data-related challenges
44
CAST
A SQL function that converts data from one datatype to another
45
Causation
When an action directly leads to an outcome, such as a cause-effect relationship
46
Cell reference
A cell or a range of cells in a worksheet typically used in formulas and functions
47
Changelog
A file containing a chronologically ordered list of modifications made to a project
48
Channel
A visual aspect or variable that represents characteristics of the data in a visualization
49
Chart
A graphical representation of data from a worksheet
50
Circle view
A data visualization that shows comparative strength in data
51
Clean data
Data that is complete, correct, and relevant to the problem being solved
52
Cloud
A place to keep data online, rather than a computer hard drive
53
Cluster
A collection of data points on a data visualization with similar values
54
COALESCE
A SQL function that returns non-null values in a list
55
Code chunk
A piece of code added in an R Markdown file that is used to process, visualize or analyze data
56
Coding
The process of writing instructions to a computer in the syntax of a specific programming language
57
Column chart
A data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable, represented as vertical columns
58
Combo chart
A data visualization that combines more than one visualization type
59
Compatibility
How well two or more datasets are able to work together
60
Completeness
The degree to which data contains all desired components or measures
61
Computer programming
The process of giving instructions to a computer in order to perform an action or set of actions
62
CONCAT
A SQL function that adds strings together to create new text strings that can be used as unique keys
63
CONCATENATE
A spreadsheet function that joins together two or more text strings
64
Conditional formatting
A spreadsheet tool that changes how cells appear when values meet specific conditions
65
Conditional statement
A declaration that if a certain condition holds, then a certain event must take place
66
Confidence interval
A range of values that conveys how likely a statistical estimate reflects the population
67
Confidence level
The probability that a sample size accurately reflects the greater population
68
Confirmation bias
The tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs
69
Consent
The aspect of data ethics that presumes an individual’s right to know how and why their personal data will be used before agreeing to provide it
70
Consistency
The degree to which data is repeatable from different points of entry or collection
71
Context
The condition in which something exists or happens
72
Continuous data
Data that is measured and can have almost any numeric value
73
CONVERT
A SQL function that changes the unit of measurement of a value in data
74
Cookie
A small file stored on a computer that contains information about its users
75
Correlation
The measure of the degree to which two variables change in relationship to each other
76
COUNT
A spreadsheet function that counts the number of cells within a range that meet a specified condition
77
COUNTA
A spreadsheet function that counts the total number of values within a specified range that meet specified criteria
78
COUNTIF
A spreadsheet function that returns the number of cells within a range that match a specified value
79
COUNT DISTINCT
A SQL function that only returns the distinct values in a specified range
80
CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) (R)
An online archive with R packages, source code, manuals, and documentation
81
CREATE TABLE
A SQL clause that adds a temporary table to a database that can be used by multiple people
82
Cross-field validation
A process that ensures certain conditions for multiple data fields are satisfied
83
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
A programming language used for web page design that controls graphic elements and page presentation
84
CSV (comma-separated values) file
A delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values
85
Currency
The aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting from the use of their personal data and the scale of those transactions D
86
Dashboard
A tool that monitors live, incoming data
87
Data
A collection of facts
88
Data aggregation
The process of gathering data from multiple sources and combining it into a single, summarized collection
89
Data analysis
The collection, transformation, and organization of data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision-making
90
Data analysis process
The six phases of ask, prepare, process, analyze, share, and act whose purpose is to gain insights that drive informed decision-making
91
Data analyst
Someone who collects, transforms, and organizes data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision-making
92
Data analytics
The science of data
93
Data anonymization
The process of protecting people's private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information
94
Data bias
When a preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing systematically skews data analysis results in a certain direction
95
Data blending
A Tableau method that combines data from multiple data sources
96
Data composition
The process of combining the individual parts in a visualization and displaying them together as a whole
97
Data constraints
The criteria that determine whether a piece of a data is clean and valid
98
Data design
How information is organized
99
Data-driven decision-making
Using facts to guide business strategy
100
Data ecosystem
The various elements that interact with one another in order to produce, manage, store, organize, analyze, and share data
101
Data element
A piece of information in a dataset
102
Data engineer
A professional who transforms data into a useful format for analysis and gives it a reliable infrastructure
103
Data ethics
Well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used
104
Data frame
A collection of columns containing data, similar to a spreadsheet or SQL table
105
Data governance
A process for ensuring the formal management of a company’s data assets
106
Data-inspired decision-making
Exploring different data sources to find out what they have in common
107
Data integrity
The accuracy, completeness, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its life cycle
108
Data interoperability
The ability to integrate data from multiple sources and a key factor leading to the successful use of open data among companies and governments
109
Data life cycle
The sequence of stages that data experiences, which include plan, capture, manage, analyze, archive, and destroy
110
Data manipulation
The process of changing data to make it more organized and easier to read
111
Data mapping
The process of matching fields from one data source to another
112
Data merging
The process of combining two or more datasets into a single dataset
113
Data model
A tool for organizing data elements and how they relate to one another
114
Data privacy
Preserving a data subject’s information any time a data transaction occurs
115
Data range
Numerical values that fall between predefined maximum and minimum values
116
Data replication
The process of storing data in multiple locations
117
Data science
A field of study that uses raw data to create new ways of modeling and understanding the unknown
118
Data security
Protecting data from unauthorized access or corruption by adopting safety measures
119
Data storytelling
Communicating the meaning of a dataset with visuals and a narrative that are customized for an audience
120
Data strategy
The management of the people, processes, and tools used in data analysis
121
Data structure
A format for organizing and storing data
122
Data transfer
The process of copying data from a storage device to computer memory or from one computer to another
123
Data type
An attribute that describes a piece of data based on its values, its programming language, or the operations it can perform
124
Data validation
A tool for checking the accuracy and quality of data
125
Data validation process
The process of checking and rechecking the quality of data so that it is complete, accurate, secure and consistent
126
Data visualization
The graphical representation of data
127
Data warehousing specialist
A professional who develops processes and procedures to effectively store and organize data
128
Database
A collection of data stored in a computer system
129
Dataset
A collection of data that can be manipulated or analyzed as one unit
130
DATEDIF
A spreadsheet function that calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates
131
Decision tree
A tool that helps analysts make decisions about critical features of a visualization
132
Delimiter
A character that indicates the beginning or end of a data item
133
Density map
A data visualization that represents concentrations, with color representing the number or frequency of data points in a given area on a map
134
Descriptive metadata
Metadata that describes a piece of data and can be used to identify it at a later point in time
135
Design thinking
A process used to solve complex problems in a user-centric way
136
Digital photo
An electronic or computer-based image usually in BMP or JPG format
137
Dirty data
Data that is incomplete, incorrect, or irrelevant to the problem to be solved
138
Discrete data
Data that is counted and has a limited number of values
139
DISTINCT
A keyword that is added to a SQL SELECT statement to retrieve only non-duplicate entries
140
Distribution graph
A data visualization that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample
141
Diverging color palette
A color theme that displays two ranges of data values using two different hues, with color intensity representing the magnitude of the values
142
Donut chart
A data visualization where segments of a ring represent data values adding up to a whole
143
dplyr (R)
An R package in Tidyverse that offers a consistent set of functions to complete common data-manipulation tasks
144
DROP TABLE
A SQL clause that removes a temporary table from a database
145
Duplicate data
Any record that inadvertently shares data with another record
146
Dynamic visualizations
Data visualizations that are interactive or change over time E
147
Elevator pitch
A short statement describing an idea or concept
148
Emphasis
The design principle of arranging visual elements to focus the audience’s attention on important information in a data visualization
149
Engagement
Capturing and holding someone’s interest and attention during a data presentation
150
Equation
A calculation that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division (also called a math expression)
151
Estimated response rate
The average number of people who typically complete a survey
152
Ethics
Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues
153
External data
Data that lives, and is generated, outside of an organization F
154
Facets (R)
A series of functions that splits data into subsets in a matrix of panels
155
Factor (R)
An object that stores categorical data where the data values are limited and usually based on a finite group, such as country or year
156
Fairness
A quality of data analysis that does not create or reinforce bias
157
Field
A single piece of information from a row or column of a spreadsheet; in a data table, typically a column in the table
158
Field length
A tool for determining how many characters can be keyed into a spreadsheet field
159
Fill handle
A box in the lower-right-hand corner of a selected spreadsheet cell that can be dragged through neighboring cells in order to continue an instruction
160
Filled map
A data visualization that colors areas in a map based on measurements or dimensions
161
Filtering
The process of showing only the data that meets a specified criteria while hiding the rest
162
Find and replace
A tool that finds a specified search term and replaces it with something else
163
First-party data
Data collected by an individual or group using their own resources
164
Float
A number that contains a decimal
165
Foreign key
A field within a database table that is a primary key in another table (Refer to primary key)
166
Formula
A set of instructions used to perform a calculation using the data in a spreadsheet
167
Framework
The context a presentation needs to create logical connections that tie back to the business task and metrics
168
FROM
The section of a query that indicates from which table(s) to extract the data
169
Function
A preset command that automatically performs a specific process or task using the data in a spreadsheet
170
Function (R)
A body of reusable code for performing specific tasks in R
171
FWF (fixed-width file)
A text file with a specific format, which enables the saving of textual data in an organized fashion G
172
GAM (generalized additive model) smoothing (R)
A process for smoothing plots with a large number of points
173
Gantt chart
A data visualization that displays the duration of events or activities on a timeline
174
Gap analysis
A method for examining and evaluating the current state of a process in order to identify opportunities for improvement in the future
175
Gauge chart
A data visualization that shows a single result within a progressive range of values
176
General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (GDPR)
Policy-making body in the European Union created to help protect people and their data
177
Geolocation
The geographical location of a person or device by means of digital information
178
Geom (R)
The geometric object used to represent data
179
ggplot2 (R)
An R package in Tidyverse that creates a variety of data visualizations by applying different visual properties to the data variables in R
180
Good data source
A data source that is reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)
181
GROUP BY
A SQL clause that groups rows that have the same values from a table into summary rows H
182
HAVING
A SQL clause that adds a filter to a query instead of the underlying table that can only be used with aggregate functions
183
head() (R)
An R function that returns a preview of the column names and the first few rows of a dataset
184
Header
The first row in a spreadsheet that labels the type of data in each column
185
Headline
Text at the top of a visualization that communicates the data being presented
186
Heat map
A data visualization that uses color contrast to compare categories in a dataset
187
Highlight table
A data visualization that uses conditional formatting and color on a table
188
Histogram
A data visualization that shows how often data values fall into certain ranges
189
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
The set of markup symbols or codes used to create a webpage
190
HTML5
A programming language that provides structure for web pages and connects to hosting platforms
191
Hypothesis
A theory that one might try to prove or disprove with data
192
Hypothesis testing
A process to determine if a survey or experiment has meaningful results I
193
IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
A software application that brings together all the tools a data analyst may want to use in a single place
194
Incomplete data
Data that is missing important fields
195
Inconsistent data
Data that uses different formats to represent the same thing
196
Incorrect/inaccurate data
Data that is complete but inaccurate
197
Inline code
Code that can be inserted directly into the text of an R Markdown file
198
INNER JOIN
A SQL function that returns records with matching values in both tables
199
Inner query
A SQL subquery that is inside of another SQL statement
200
Internal data
Data that lives within a company’s own systems
201
Interpretation bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way J
202
Java
A programming language widely used to create enterprise web applications that can run on multiple clients
203
JOIN
A SQL function that is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column
204
Jupyter Notebook
An open-source web application used to create and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations and narrative text K L
205
Label
Text in a visualization that identifies a value or describes a scale
206
Labels and annotations (R)
A group of R functions used for customizing a plot
207
Leading question
A question that steers people toward a certain response
208
LEFT
A function that returns a set number of characters from the left side of a text string
209
LEFT JOIN
A SQL function that will return all the records from the left table and only the matching records from the right table
210
Legend
A tool that identifies the meaning of various elements in a data visualization
211
LEN
A function that returns the length of a text string by counting the number of characters it contains
212
Length
The number of characters in a text string
213
Library
A directory containing all of a data analyst’s installed packages
214
LIMIT
A SQL clause that specifies the maximum number of records returned in a query
215
Line graph
A data visualization that uses one or more lines to display shifts or changes in data over time
216
List
A vector whose elements can be of any type
217
Live data
Data that is automatically updated
218
Loess smoothing (R)
A process used for smoothing plots with fewer than 1,000 points
219
Log file
A computer-generated file that records events from operating systems and other software programs
220
Logical operator
An operator that combines logical statements and returns a logical value
221
Long data
A dataset in which each row is one time point per subject, so each subject has data in multiple rows M
222
Mandatory
A data value that cannot be left blank or empty
223
Map
A data visualization that organizes data geographically
224
Mapping (R)
The process of matching up a specific variable in a dataset with a specific aesthetic
225
Margin of error
The maximum amount that sample results are expected to differ from those of the actual population
226
Markdown (R)
A syntax for formatting plain text files
227
Mark
A visual object in a data visualization such as a point, line, or shape
228
MATCH
A spreadsheet function used to locate the position of a specific lookup value
229
Math expression
A calculation that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division (also called an equation)
230
Math function
A function that is used as part of a mathematical formula
231
Matrix
A two-dimensional collection of data elements with rows and columns
232
MAX
A spreadsheet function that returns the largest numeric value from a range of cells
233
MAXIFS
A spreadsheet function that returns the maximum value from a given range that meets a specified condition
234
McCandless Method
A method for presenting data visualizations that moves from general to specific information
235
Measurable question
A question whose answers can be quantified and assessed
236
Mental model
A data analyst’s thought process and approach to a problem
237
Mentor
Someone who shares knowledge, skills, and experience to help another grow both professionally and personally
238
Merger
An agreement that unites two organizations into a single new one
239
Metadata
Data about data
240
Metadata repository
A database created to store metadata
241
Metric
A single, quantifiable type of data that is used for measurement
242
Metric goal
A measurable goal set by a company and evaluated using metrics
243
MID
A function that returns a segment from the middle of a text string
244
MIN
A spreadsheet function that returns the smallest numeric value from a range of cells
245
MINIFS
A spreadsheet function that returns the minimum value from a given range that meets a specified condition
246
Modulo
An operator (%) that returns the remainder when one number is divided by another
247
Movement
The design principle of arranging visual elements to guide the audience’s eyes from one part of a data visualization to another
248
mutate() (R)
An R function that makes changes to a dataframe separating and merging columns or creating new variables N
249
Naming conventions
Consistent guidelines that describe the content, creation date, and version of a file in its name
250
Narrative
(Refer to Story)
251
Nested
Code that performs a particular function and is contained within code that performs a broader function
252
Nested function
A function that is completely contained within another function
253
Networking
Building relationships by meeting people both in person and online
254
Nominal data
A type of qualitative data that is categorized without a set order
255
Normalized database
A database in which only related data is stored in each table
256
Notebook
An interactive, editable programming environment for creating data reports and showcasing data skills
257
Null
An indication that a value does not exist in a dataset O
258
Observation
The attributes that describe a piece of data contained in a row of a table
259
Observer bias
The tendency for different people to observe things differently (also called experimenter bias)
260
Open data
Data that is available to the public
261
Open-source
Code that is freely available and may be modified and shared by the people who use it
262
Openness
The aspect of data ethics that promotes the free access, usage, and sharing of data
263
Operator
A symbol that names the operation or calculation to be performed
264
ORDER BY
A SQL clause that sorts results returned in a query
265
Order of operations
Using parentheses to group together spreadsheet values in order to clarify the order in which operations should be performed
266
Ordinal data
Qualitative data with a set order or scale
267
Outdated data
Any data that has been superseded by newer and more accurate information
268
OUTER JOIN
A SQL function that combines RIGHT and LEFT JOIN to return all matching records in both tables
269
Outer query
A SQL statement containing a subquery
270
Ownership
The aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals own the raw data they provide and have primary control over its usage, processing, and sharing P
271
Package (R)
A unit of reproducible R code
272
Packed bubble chart
A data visualization that displays data in clustered circles
273
Pattern
The design principle of using similar visual elements to demonstrate trends and relationships in a data visualization
274
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
A programming language for web application development
275
Pie chart
A data visualization that uses segments of a circle to represent the proportions of each data category compared to the whole
276
Pipe (R)
A tool in R for expressing a sequence of multiple operations, represented with “%>%”
277
Pivot chart
A chart created from the fields in a pivot table
278
Pivot table
A data summarization tool used to sort, reorganize, group, count, total, or average data
279
Pixel
In digital imaging, a small area of illumination on a display screen that, when combined with other adjacent areas, forms a digital image
280
Population
In data analytics, all possible data values in a dataset
281
Portfolio
A collection of materials that can be shared with potential employers
282
Pre-attentive attributes
The elements of a data visualization that an audience recognizes automatically without conscious effort
283
Primary key
An identifier in a database that references a column in which each value is unique (Refer to foreign key)
284
Problem domain
The area of analysis that encompasses every activity affecting or affected by a problem
285
Problem types
The various problems that data analysts encounter, including categorizing things, discovering connections, finding patterns, identifying themes, making predictions, and spotting something unusual
286
Profit margin
A percentage that indicates how many cents of profit has been generated for each dollar of sale
287
Programming language
A system of words and symbols used to write instructions that computers follow
288
Proportion
The design principle of using the relative size and arrangement of visual elements to demonstrate information in a data visualization
289
Python
A general-purpose programming language Q
290
Qualitative data
A subjective and explanatory measure of a quality or characteristic
291
Quantitative data
A specific and objective measure, such as a number, quantity, or range
292
Query
A request for data or information from a database
293
Query language
A computer programming language used to communicate with a database R
294
R
A programming language used for statistical analysis, visualization, and other data analysis
295
R Markdown
A file format for making dynamic documents with R
296
R Notebook
A document for running code and displaying the graphs and charts that visualize the code
297
Random sampling
A way of selecting a sample from a population so that every possible type of the sample has an equal chance of being chosen
298
Range
A collection of two or more cells in a spreadsheet
299
Ranking
A system to position values of a dataset within a scale of achievement or status
300
readr (R)
An R package in Tidyverse used for importing data
301
Record
A collection of related data in a data table, usually synonymous with row
302
Redundancy
When the same piece of data is stored in two or more places
303
Reframing
The process of restating a problem or challenge, then redirecting it toward a potential resolution
304
Regular expression (RegEx)
A rule that says the values in a table must match a prescribed pattern
305
Relational database
A database that contains a series of tables that can be connected to form relationships
306
Relational operator
An operator used to compare values, also known as a comparator
307
Relativity
The process of considering observations in relation or proportion to something else
308
Relevant question
A question that has significance to the problem to be solved
309
Remove duplicates
A spreadsheet tool that automatically searches for and eliminates duplicate entries from a spreadsheet
310
Repetition
The design principle of repeating visual elements to demonstrate meaning in a data visualization
311
Report
A static collection of data periodically given to stakeholders
312
Return on investment (ROI)
A formula that uses the metrics of investment and profit to evaluate the success of an investment
313
Revenue
The total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services
314
Rhythm
The design principle of creating movement and flow in a data visualization to engage an audience
315
RIGHT
A function that returns a set number of characters from the right side of a text string
316
RIGHT JOIN
A SQL function that will return all records from the right table and only the matching records from the left
317
Root cause
The reason why a problem occurs
318
ROUND
A SQL function that returns a number rounded to a certain number of decimal places.
319
Ruby
An object-oriented programming language for web application development S
320
Sample
In data analytics, a segment of a population that is representative of the entire population
321
Sampling bias
Overrepresenting or underrepresenting certain members of a population as a result of working with a sample that is not representative of the population as a whole
322
Scatterplot
A data visualization that represents relationships between different variables with individual data points without a connecting line
323
Schema
A way of describing how something, such as data, is organized
324
Scope of work (SOW)
An agreed-upon outline of the tasks to be performed during a project
325
Second-party data
Data collected by a group directly from its audience and then sold
326
SELECT
The section of a query that indicates from which column(s) to extract the data
327
SELECT INTO
A SQL clause that copies data from one table into a temporary table without adding the new table to the database
328
Shiny (R)
An R package used to build interactive web apps with R code
329
Small data
Small, specific data points typically involving a short period of time, which are useful for making day-to-day decisions
330
SMART methodology
A tool for determining a question’s effectiveness based on whether it is specific, measurable, action-oriented, relevant, and time-bound
331
Smoothing (R)
A process used to make data visualizations in R clearer and more readable
332
Smoothing line (R)
A line on a data visualization that uses smoothing to represent a trend
333
Social media
Websites and applications through which users create and share content or participate in social networking
334
Soft skills
Nontechnical traits and behaviors that relate to how people work
335
Sort range
A spreadsheet menu function that sorts a specified range and preserves the cells outside the range
336
Sort sheet
A spreadsheet menu function that sorts all data by the ranking of a specific sorted column and keeps data together across rows
337
Sorting
The process of arranging data into a meaningful order to make it easier to understand, analyze, and visualize
338
Specific question
A question that is simple, significant, and focused on a single topic or a few closely related ideas
339
SPLIT
A spreadsheet function that divides text around a specified character and puts each fragment into a new, separate cell
340
Sponsor
A professional advocate who is committed to moving forward the career of another
341
Spotlightling
Scanning through data to quickly identify the most important insights
342
Spreadsheet
A digital worksheet
343
SQL
(Refer to Structured Query Language)
344
Stakeholders
People who invest time and resources into a project and are interested in its outcome
345
Static data
Data that doesn’t change once it has been recorded
346
Static visualization
A data visualization that does not change over time unless it is edited
347
Statistical power
The probability that a test of significance will recognize an effect that is present
348
Statistical significance
The probability that sample results are not due to random chance
349
Statistics
The study of how to collect, analyze, summarize, and present data
350
Story
The narrative of a data presentation that makes it meaningful and interesting
351
String data type
A sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information (also called text data type)
352
Structural metadata
Metadata that indicates how a piece of data is organized and whether it is part of one or more than one data collection
353
Structured data
Data organized in a certain format such as rows and columns
354
Structured Query Language
A computer programming language used to communicate with a database
355
Structured thinking
The process of recognizing the current problem or situation, organizing available information, revealing gaps and opportunities, and identifying options
356
Subquery
A SQL query that is nested inside a larger query
357
SUBSTR
A SQL function that extracts a substring from a string variable
358
Substring
A subset of a text string
359
Subtitle
Text that supports a headline by adding context and description
360
SUM
A spreadsheet function that adds the values of a selected range of cells
361
SUMIF
A spreadsheet function that adds numeric data based on one condition
362
Summary table
A table used to summarize statistical information about data
363
SUMPRODUCT
A function that multiplies arrays and returns the sum of those products
364
Swift
A programming language for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS
365
Symbol map
A data visualization that displays a mark over a given longitude and latitude
366
Syntax
The predetermined structure of a language that includes all required words, symbols, and punctuation, as well as their proper placement T
367
Tableau
A business intelligence and analytics platform that helps people visualize, understand, and make decisions with data
368
Technical mindset
The ability to break things down into smaller steps or pieces and work with them in an orderly and logical way
369
Temporary table
A database table that is created and exists temporarily on a database server
370
Text data type
A sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information (also called string data type)
371
Text string
A group of characters within a cell, most often composed of letters
372
Third-party data
Data provided from outside sources that did not collect it directly
373
Tibble (R)
A streamlined variation of data frames
374
Tidy data (R)
A way of standardizing the organization of data within R
375
tidyr (R)
An R package in Tidyverse used for data cleaning to make tidy data
376
Tidyverse (R)
A system of packages in R with a common design philosophy for data manipulation, exploration, and visualization
377
Time-bound question
A question that specifies a timeframe to be studied
378
Transaction transparency
The aspect of data ethics that presumes all data-processing activities and algorithms should be explainable and understood by the individual who provides the data
379
Transferable skills
Skills and qualities that can transfer from one job or industry to another
380
TRIM
A function that removes leading, trailing, and repeated spaces in data
381
TSV (Tab-separated values file)
A text file that stores a data table by separating columns of data with tabs
382
Turnover rate
The rate at which employees voluntarily leave a company
383
Typecasting
Converting data from one type to another U
384
Unbiased sampling
When the sample of the population being measured is representative of the population as a whole
385
Underscores
Lines used to underline words and connect text characters
386
Unfair question
A question that makes assumptions or is difficult to answer honestly
387
Unique
A value that can’t have a duplicate
388
United States Census Bureau
An agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that serves as the nation’s leading provider of quality data about its people and economy
389
Unity
The design principle of using visual elements that complement each other to create aesthetic appeal and clarity in a data visualization
390
Unstructured data
Data that is not organized in any easily identifiable manner V
391
Validity
The degree to which data conforms to constraints when it is input, collected, or created
392
VALUE
A spreadsheet function that converts a text string that represents a number to a numeric value
393
Variable (R)
A representation of a value in R that can be stored for later use
394
Variety
The design principle of using different kinds of visual elements in a data visualization to engage an audience
395
Vector (R)
A group of data elements of the same type stored in a one-dimensional sequence in R
396
Verification
A process to confirm that a data-cleaning effort was well executed and the resulting data is accurate and reliable
397
Video file
A collection of images, audio files, and other data usually encoded in a compressed format such as MP4, MV4, MOV, AVI, or FLV
398
Vignette (R)
Documentation for an R package that describes the problem the package is designed to solve, explains how its functions can be used, and lists any dependencies on other packages
399
Visual form
The appearance of a data visualization that gives it structure and aesthetic appeal
400
Visualization
(Refer to Data visualization)
401
VLOOKUP
A spreadsheet function that vertically searches for a certain value in a column to return a corresponding piece of information W
402
WHERE
The section of a query that specifies criteria that the requested data must meet
403
Wide data
A dataset in which every data subject has a single row with multiple columns to hold the values of various attributes of the subject
404
WITH
A SQL clause that creates a temporary table that can be queried multiple times
405
World Health Organization
An organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system X
406
X-axis
The horizontal line of a graph usually placed at the bottom, which is often used to represent time scales and discrete categories Y
407
Y-axis
The vertical line of a graph usually placed to the left, which is often used to represent frequencies and other numerical variables
408
YAML
A language that translates data to improve readability Z
