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Brazil - migration Flashcards

EDC - impact of migration on economic development, political stability, social in/equality (61 cards)

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1
Q

Reason for study

A
  • EDC country
  • Current patterns of immigration
  • Change over time
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2
Q

Brazil Key idea - net migration loss

A
  • Brazilian context, recent times more people left Brazil than come into
    • 2000 2009 - net migration loss of a million
    • 210 - 2014 - slow slightly 190 000 more people left
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3
Q

Brazil - explain net migration to neighbours

A
  • part of MERCOUSUR
    - S American trade block with Argentina, Uraguay, Paraguay (4 total)
    • movement between Brazil and some of Andean states
      - e.g. Chile, Peru, Bolivia
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4
Q

B - south to south migration

A
  • South to South migration - EDC
    • Increased migration between Brazil and neighbouring countries
    • relatively weaker economies
      • easier to move between than global north
      • people come for economic opportunities
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5
Q

Brazil - emigration of skilled workers

A
  • Pattern of skilled worker emigration
    • increased emigration highly skilled workers
      • doctors, architects, teachers
      • move for opportunities in Europe, USA, Japan
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6
Q

Brazil - emigration of low-skilled workers

A
  • Used to see low-skilled economic migrants move to USA
    • decreased recent years
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7
Q

Brazil - labour migrants into Brazil

A
  • Lots of economic migrants come to work on construction projects
    • 2 key construction projects:
      • 2014 Brazil World Cup
      • 2016 Rio summer olympics
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8
Q

Brazil - migrants from Haiti and the Caribbean

A
  • 2010 Haiti earthquake
  • 2012 hurricane
    • people move to Brazil
      • create inter-dependent link between countries
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9
Q

Brazil - increased migration from Africa

A
  • African migrants often come via transit countries
    • Land in country with more open migration policies
      • e.g. Equador or Chile
    • Smuggled across border
      • some end up staying in Brazil
        • Brazilian African community continuing to grow
      • some use B as transit country
        • move on to opportunities N in USA
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10
Q

Brazil - internal migration

A
  • People move from poor NE
    • increased environmental problems e.g. drought
  • Towards opportunities in S big cities
    • Sau Paulo, Rio de Janeiro
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11
Q

Brazil - main patterns current migration summary

A
  • emigration:
    • high-skilled (less low skilled than previous)
      • economic migrants - main destination is USA
    • migrate to countries of previous immigration (Portugal, Japan)
  • immigration:
    • low-skilled for 2 large construction projects
    • Haiti and Caribbean - tropical storms
    • Africans via transit countries
    • Internal from NE S cities
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12
Q

B - 19th and 20th century net immigration

A
  • 19th and 20th century B net recipient of migrants
    - Europeans and Japanese look for economic opportunities
    - attracted to Brazil because:
    - agricultural sector, set up and run coffee cultivation plantations
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13
Q

B - previous european migrants

A
  • Key countries in Europe migrating to Brazil:
    • Portugal, Italy, Germany
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14
Q

B - change to net emigration

A
  • since 2000s migration patterns change
    • emigration increased
      • In 2000 0.98 million B people living abroad
      • 2023 - 1.77 million (doubled)
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15
Q

B - change from net immigration

A
  • now fewer immigrants living in B than in 2000
  • patterns may change again
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16
Q

B - political reasons for future increased emigration

A
  • Political reasons for future migration change:
    • President Bolsinaro, far-right, Trump fan
      • Expect further reduce immigration
      • May encourage Brazillians to leave
      • look for greater political freedom
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17
Q

B - destinations of emigrants

A
  • Most people travel to USA
    • economic opportunities
  • Lots go to Japan, Portugal, Italy
    • economic opportunities
    • historical links from original immigration (19th century)
      • established diasporas, easier to integrate
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18
Q

B - interdependence with countries sharing migration flows

A
  • Interdependence can relate to lots of things:
    • mutual relationship where people / places rely on each other
  • world becomes increasingly globalised
    • connections and reliances increasingly important
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19
Q

B - interdependence with Portugal

A
  • Portugal relies on Brazilian migrants for labour
    • helps run P economy
  • Brazil relies on money from migrant remittances
    • fund entire economy
  • Mutual relationship rely on each other for different things
    • affect each other
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20
Q

B - interdependence with P - colonial history

A
  • Long relationship between B and P
    • B former colony of P
      • P colonists arrived in 15th century
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21
Q

B - interdependence with P - migration history

A
  • long-term migration history
    - 19th century P migrated in large numbers
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22
Q

B - facilitation of migration to P

A
  • B migrant to P has special status
    • similar rights to P nationals
      • can vote
      • residency / national id card
  • Easier for B migrant to integrate into P society
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23
Q

B - facilitation of immigration from P

A
  • Reciprocal arrangement between B and P
    • special status
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24
Q

B and P - shared characteristics facilitating migration between

A
  • B and P nationals both speak Portuguese
  • over time shared ancestry, culture and family
    • migrants can integrate into communities causing less tension
      • easier to get jobs
      • find established groups to connect with
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25
B - reasons for migrating to P
- economic migrants - higher wages - act as gateway to EU - lead to opportunities in other countries in EU region
26
B and P - economic independence
- Money flows between countries - important for families in source countries - localised development
27
B - interdependence with USA
- Economic interdepence - lots of low-skilled economic migrants from Brazil - higher wages in USA for same job in B - send significant remittances back to Brazil - help Brazil economy
28
B - return migrants from USA
- Bring back social remittances - new skills / knowledge / ideas - help develop Brazil economy - lead to advancing in different areas
29
B - benefit to USA of B migrants
- USA gets lots of labour to boost USA economy - local multiplier effects, Brazilians spend their money in America - help USA businesses
30
B - USA increasing opportunities high skilled migrants
- Increasing opportunities for high-skilled migrants to go to USA - teaching, service industries, management - strong link with education
31
B - political interdependence with USA - education
- Legal / political agreements between B and USA - 40 000 teachers and students from B on language exchanges to USA - Some from USA to B - American teachers train B teachers in English language and vice versa
32
B - political interdependence with USA - military
- Increasing political connections between B and USA - other agreements made: - share military information - B and USA private companies develop defence technologies together
33
B - political interdependence with USA - environmental (US Aid)
- American goverment try to help with forest management - forest fire prevention - US Aid (part of US government) help communities with training, advice, finance - work at localised, national and world-wide level
34
B - political USA interdedendence with USA - environmental local
- USA Aid localised level - work with indigenous Brazilian people - Xabante - environment and economic help
35
B - political USA interdedendence with USA - environmental national
- US Aid national level - work with Brazilian government - deisign better laws for more sustainable forestry practices - lead to long-term economic growth Brazil
36
B - political USA interdedendence with USA - environmental world-wide
- world-wide level - protection of Amazon rainforest has big impact climate change
37
B - interdependence with Haiti - impact of crisis
Huge humanitarian crises - Rapid increase after 2010 and 2012 disasters - after 20010 - less than 2000 H immigrants to B - by 2013 - 11 000 H to B
38
B - interdependence with Haiti - help after crisis
- B government helped people from Haiti - make easier for H people to obtain visas to migrate - knew H were going to move, want to stop from being trafficked
39
B - interdependence with H - political relationship
- Political relationship to prevent traficking - make migration flows easier
40
B - general reasons for migrants from Haiti
- H is very poor country - extreme poverty - political instability - human rights violations - move to B for ecomic opportunities and more politically stable environment
41
B - Haitian destinations within Brazil
- Most H aim to move to SE Brazil - e.g. Rio Grande do Sol - work in low-skilled jobs - agriculture corn production - factories
42
B - economic interplay with H
- Relationship helps B as fills gaps in labour sectors - grow economy in long-term
43
B - migrant - positive economic development
- Lots of migrant remittances e.g. from migrants to Japan, USA, Portugal - made money, sent back to family - lead to economic development - positive devopment at local scale
44
B - USA migrant remittances - uses back in Brazil
- Study on Brazilian migrants to USA, what remittances used for - education - cover housing and rent costs - daily expenditure e.g. clothing, food - larger amounts can by used for: - business investment / creation
45
B - USA migrant remittances - multiplier effect
- Money into local community have multiplier effect - more disposable income - used on goods / services - cause local businesses grow - lead to virtuous cycle
46
B - migrant remittances - national impact
National impact of migrant remittances: - 2.4 billion dollars - 0.1% of GDP but disproportionally important input locally
47
B - different waves of immigration to B
- 19th century Europe and Japan - 2010 Haitian - positive impacts on economy - help key sectors - agriculture and manufactoring - increased labour
48
B - high skilled migrants from long-connected countries
- Japan, Portugal, USA - high-skilled economic migrants come to Brazil for opportunities - 2 effects grow B economy
49
B - 2 positive effects of high-skilled migrants
- plug gaps in labour market - e.g. shortage in healthcare - nurses, Drs, - sector becomes more productive / effective - bring new ideas / innovations and money - entrepreneurs start new businesses - leads to more growth
50
B - political stability - MERCOSUR agreements
- MERCOSUR is trade bloc Brazil part of: - Brazil, Paraguay, Uraguay, Argentina - Function like EU - free trade - freedom of movement - to travel, stay, employment
51
B - political stability - migration and MERCOSUR
- lead to political stability - regular flows people and money - govs have to co-operate without conflict - or businesses lose labour migration - create political unity within bloc
52
B - established migrant flows benefits
- political stability B, P, USA - govs co-operate - lead to political agreements / collaborations
53
B - refugee management
- B started to grow as economy - become more stable gov - begins to successfully receive and process refugees - come from political / environmental issues in other countries
54
B - refugee management - Venezuela
- e.g. Venezuela, big political isssues, many refugees at Brazillian border - B gov start 'Operation Welcome' policy - help to relocate to different parts Brazil - ability to do this shows high level of political development
55
B - social inequality - rural urban divide
- significant migrant flows internally and externally - migration can create inequality - internal migration, lots move from poor NE to SE cities - create rural / urban divide - older, poorly educated left behind in rural locations - cities get more vibrant, younger people
56
B - social inequality - favelas
- lots of poor migrants live in certain areas of cities - poor educated / poor paid cluster in favelas - e.g. Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo - moved in, without opportunities, forced into worst accomodation - people leaving NE often younger - some more edcuated
57
B - soical inequality - 2 main areas of poverty
- favelas in cities - rural left behind
58
B - social inequality - winners and losers - ethnic divide Africans
- ethnic issue with B migration - African migrants suffer more - often come to B for economic reasons - some might be political refugees - often discriminated against in labour market - judged on race, lack same opportunities and access to jobs as native Brazilians - lower paid
59
B - social inequality - winners and losers - African housing and history
- Africans often end up in overcrowded favelas - gang influence - historical influence in South America - Brazil last place in Americas to abolish slavery - deep-rooted historic racism in Brazil - African migrant / black Brazilian = disproportionally affected by social inequality
60
B - social inequality - winners and losers - Haitians
- Haitian suffer similar inequalities to Africans - lower pay - longer hours - work big industrial farms - limited access services - historic racial discrimination - impact job opportunites and housing
61
B - social inequality - winners and losers - Haitian migrate on
- Many Haitians move on from Brazil, away from social inequality - Chile - can have similar racial predjucie - move on through other transit countries in South America - aim to reach established H diaspora in USA

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