Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine Finals > Breast > Flashcards

Breast Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Increased oestrogen (e.g. early menarche, late menopause, combined HRT)

Obesity

Smoking

Family history

COCP has a small increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three breast cancer receptors?

A

Oestrogen receptor (ER)

Progesterone receptor (PR)

Human epidermal growth factor (HER2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of non invasive breast cancers?

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Lobular carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which non invasive breast cancer is most likely to progress to invasive breast cancer?

A

Lobular carcinoma in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common invasive breast cancer?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which invasive cancer is best seen on mammogram?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three types of invasive breast cancer?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Inflammatory breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which marker is raised in inflammatory breast cancer?

A

CA15-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who is offered breast cancer screening?

A

Women aged between 50 and 70 are offered a mammogram every 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does breast cancer present?

A

Hard, painless lump which is tethered to the skin/chest wall

Nipple retraction

Skin dimpling

Lymphadenopathy

Peeling of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the 2WW criteria for breast cancer?

A

Unexplained breast lump >30 years !!!

Unilateral nipple changes >50 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the triple diagnostic assessment for breast cancer?

A

Clinical assessment

Imaging (ultrasound if <35 or mammogram if >35)

Biopsy - either fine needle or excision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who gets an ultrasound instead of a mammogram?

A

Women under 35 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What else needs to be checked if a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer? How does this affect management?

A

Need to palpate the axillary lymph nodes

If they are palpable - axillary node clearance is required (radiotherapy)

If they are not palpable - do a pre-op axillary ultrasound to see if a sentinel node biopsy is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are indications for a total mastectomy for breast cancer?

A

Multifocal tumour

Central tumour

Large lesion in small brast

DCIS > 4cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When can a local excision be conducted in breast cancer?

A

Solitary lesion

Peripheral tumour

Small lesion in large breast

DCIS < 4cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are options for hormonal therapy for oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer?

A

In pre-menopausal women - Tamoxifen

In post-menopausal women - Aromatase inhibitors (can cause osteoporosis) e.g. Anastrozole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which medication can be used in breast cancer if the HER2 receptor is positive?

A

Herceptin (Trastuzumab)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a complication of axillary lymph node removal?

A

Chronic lymphedema

Areas of lymphedema = prone to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are adverse effects of Tamoxifen?

A

Increased risk of VTE

Increased risk of endometrial cancer

Menopausal symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Eczematoid changes of the nipple - start at the nipple and expand to the areola

Associated with underlying breast malignancy

Diagnosis = Punch biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is fibroadenoma?

A

Benign breast lump

Small and mobile

Painless

Smooth

Welll-circumscribed

Highly mobile - called a Breast mice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When should a fibroadenoma be removed?

Study These Flashcards
A

If larger than 3cm

24
Q

Woman with general lumpiness to her breast worse prior to her period - what is the diagnosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fibroadenosis / fibrocystic breast changes

25
How does a breast cyst present?
Soft, fluctuant swelling
26
How is a breast cyst seen on a mammogram?
Halo appearance
27
How does fat necrosis present?
Lump caused by localised degeneration/scarring Painless, firm and irregular lump Need to rule out cancer with biopsy
28
What is duct ectasia and how does it present?
Dilation of the large ducts in the breast Nipple discharge (creamy/cheesy/green) Tenderness and pain Nipple retraction
29
What is seen on mammogram in duct ectasia?
Microcalcifications
30
What is the most common cause of mastitis?
Breastfeeding If it gets infected can be caused by staph aureus
31
How does mastitis present?
Breast pain and tenderness Erythema Local warmth/inflammation Nipple discharge Fever
32
How is mastitis managed?
Continue breastfeeding If symptoms do not improve after 24/48 hrs - can try Flucloxacillin If clearly infective e.g. discharge - go straight to Flucloxacillin
33
How is nipple candida treated?
Topical miconazole Baby may need miconazole gel for mouth
34
What is an intraductal papilloma? How does it present? How is it investigated and treated?
Warty lesion that grows within one of the ducts Nipple discharge - may be blood stained May be tenderness/pain Triple assessment is required Treated with excision
35
What are causes of gynaecomastia?
``` Prolactinaemia Antipsychotic medication Idiopathic Can be physiological in adolescents Raised oestrogen - obesity, leydig cell testicular cancer, hyperthyroidism, hCG secreting tumour Low testosterone Spronolactone ```
36
How can you differentiate between a fibroadenoma and a breast cyst?
Breast cyst is usually soft Breast cyst often has surrounding pain
37
How is a breast abscess treated?
Incision and drainage
38
If a breast cancer lump is fixed to the deep tissue, what does this mean?
It is invasive
39
What is the main side effect of Herceptin?
Can cause cardiotoxicity leading to Heart failure symptoms. | Need to do an echo prior to starting
40
How does a non invasive vs. invasive breast cancer feel different on clinical examination?
Invasive will be fixed to the muscle Non-invasive cannot be fixed to the muscle
41
Which breast condition is associated with green/cheesy discharge?
Mammary duct ectasia
42
Which breast conditions present with a lump which is attached to the skin
Either an invasive breast cancer or fat necrosis
43
Which breast condition presents with a highly mobile breast lump?
Fibroadenoma
44
Which breast condition presents with blood stained discharge?
Duct papilloma
45
Which breast condition presents following trauma?
Fat necrosis
46
Which breast condition presents with an extremely fast growing breast lump?
Phyllodes tumour
47
How can you differentiate between a fibroadenoma and a lipoma?
``` Fibroadenoma = firm, very mobile Lipoma= soft ```
48
How can you differentiate between breast eczema and Paget's disease?
If it primarily affects the nipple = Paget's | if it primary affects the areola = eczema
49
When to do core biopsy vs. fine needle aspiration?
Large / hard = Core biopsy Cystic = fine needle aspiration
50
Someone over 30 has a breast lump which appears to be benign - what do you do?
2WW referral
51
What is the main CI to Herceptin?
Heart disorders - need to do an echo prior to starting
52
What is the main adverse effect of Anastrozole?
Osteoporosis
53
Who needs chemotherapy for breast cancer?
Either before surgery to shrink size of cancer | Or after surgery if there is found to be axillary node disease
54
Who needs radiotherapy for breast cancer?
Whole breast radiotherapy is recommended to all women who have had a wide local excision it is also recommended to women who have had a mastectomy if T3-T4 tumours and for those with four or more positive axillary nodes
55
What needs to be checked prior to surgery? What do you do based on this?
Need to check if the axillary lymph nodes are palpable If yes --> Axillary node clearance indicated If no --> Pre-op axillary ultrasound. If ultrasound is positive need to do a sentinel node biopsy
56
What is the main complication of axillary node clearance?
Lymphoedema leading to functional arm impairment

Medicine Finals (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions