Breast and Axillae - Lecture Flashcards
What muscles form the floor of the breast (7)?
pectoralis major pectoralis minor serratus anterior latissimus dorsi subscapularis external oblique rectus abdominus
extends from connective tissue layer through the breast and attaches to the underlying muscle fascia, providing support for the breast
fibrous tissue: Coopers ligament or suspensory ligaments
lie along the chest wall; high in the axilla, midway between the anterior and posterior axillary folds
central nodes
anterior, lower border of pectoralis major; drains chest wall and much of the breast
pectoral nodes
posterior, lateral border of the scapula; drain posterior chest wall and a portion of the arm
subscapular nodes
along the upper humerus; drain most of the arm
lateral nodes
Briefly describe the path of lymph drainage in the breast
lymph drains from central axillary nodes to infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes which then drains into axilla lymph nodes
When does onset of breast development occur?
approximately 1 year prior to onset of pubic hair development
2 years prior to menarche
How long does the process of breast development take?
usually 4 years
ridge of vestigial epithelium running from axilla to inguinal region which may house rudiments of breast tissue
milk line
What does modifiable risk mean?
factors that patient can change
What does non-modifiable risk mean?
factors that patient cannot change, such as genetics
What are some non-modifiable risks for breast cancer?
1) gender
2) age
3) genetic
4) family history
5) personal history
6) race
7) dense breast tissue
8) previous chest radiation
9) DES (diethylstilbestrol) exposure
10) menstrual periods
11) certain benign breast conditions
Which of the non-modifiable risks is the most important?
age
2 of 3 invasive breast cancer of women 55 or older
How much more likely are women to get breast cancer compared to male?
100 times more common in women
What percentage of breast cancer is hereditary?
5-10%
BRCA1 & BRCA2 are the most common (risk is as high as 80% to occur in younger women and affecting both breasts)
How is family history a non-modifiable risk?
first degree relative doubles risk, two first degree increases risk 5-fold
How is personal history a non-modifiable risk?
increase risk in getting new cancer in the other or same breast
Which race is more likely to develop breast cancer?
Whites are more likely to develop
African-Americans are more likely to die
What is DES (diethylstilbestrol)?
it was a drug used to treat miscarriages (1940s-1970s)
may increase risk of breast cancer in both the mothers and their daughters
What do menstrual periods be a risk factor for breast cancer?
menarch prior to age 12
menopause after age 55
these women are at higher risks
What benign breast condition can be a risk factor for breast cancer?
lobular carcinoma in situ
What are some modifiable risk factors for breast cancer?
1) postmenopausal obesity
2) exercise
3) alcohol
4) hormone replacement
5) recent oral contraceptive use
6) childbirth
What are some uncertain, controversial, or unproven risk factors for breast cancer?
1) diet and vitamin intake
2) antiperspirants
3) bras
4) induced abortion
5) breast implants
6) chemicals in environment
7) tobacco smoke
8) night work
