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Conditions - Reproduction > Breast Cancer > Flashcards

Breast Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in the UK?

A

Breast Cancer

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2
Q

Fill in the blank:

Breast Cancer effects 1 in _ Women.

A

Breast cancer effects 1 in 8 women.

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3
Q

What percentage of female cancers are breast cancer?

A

22% of all female cancers are breast cancers.

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4
Q

How many new cases of breast cancer are there every year?

A

55,000 new cases every year.

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5
Q

How common is breast cancer in men?

A

1 in 870 men will get breast cancer.

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6
Q

What fraction of women diagnosed with breast cancer will die because of it?

A

1 / 3 women with breast cancer will die from it.

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7
Q

What is the five year survival rate of breast cancer?

A

5 Year Survival is 65%

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8
Q

What are the distinctive risk factors for having breast cancer? (6)

A
  • Being Female
  • Age at first pregnancy (if over 35)
  • Early menarche / abnormal menstrual history
  • Genetic factors (5-10% of cases)
  • Family history of cancer
  • Hormonal Treatment

(N.B. common theme is high oestrogen)

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9
Q

What are some general risk factors associated with cancer? (6)

A
  • Age
  • Alcohol misuse
  • Obesity / Lack of Physical Activity
  • FHx
  • Radiation
  • Previous Cancers
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10
Q

What is the route of spread of breast cancer? (7)

A

1) Local (skin / pectoral muscles)
2) Lymphatics
3) Liver
4) Lungs
5) Blood
6) Bone
7) Brain

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11
Q

What lymph nodes are most likely to be effected by spread of breast cancer?

A

Axillary Nodes

Internal Mammary Nodes

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12
Q

What are the types of NON-INVASIVE breast cancers? (3)

A

1) DCIS - Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
2) LCIS - Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
3) LISN - Lobular In Situ Neoplasma

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13
Q

What are the types of INVASIVE breast cancers?

A

1) Invasive DUCTAL Carcinoma (Non-specific type /NST) - 75% of cases.
2) Invasive lobular carcinoma / variants (5-15% of cases)
3) Special Types (5%)

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14
Q

Name some special types of carcinoma. (4)

[N.B. these constitute about 5% of cases]

A
  • Tubular Carcinoma
  • Mucinous Carcinoma
  • Carcinoma with medullary features
  • Metaplastic carcinoma
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15
Q

How does Breast Cancer present? (4)

A

1° - Breast lump / thickening. That is hard & fixed to skin.

Other presentations of note (n.b. general breast changes):

  • Change in size/shape of breast.
  • Nipple discharge.
  • Lump in armpits.
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16
Q

How do we assess for suspected breast cancer?

A

Triple Assessment:

  • Clinical examination
  • Histology / Cytology
  • Ultrasound
17
Q

What investigations are used for confirming diagnosis of breast cancer?

A
  • Clinical Examination
  • Ultrasound
  • Mammogram
  • FNAC
  • Needle core biopsy
  • MRI
18
Q

What do we look for in a mammogram for someone suspected of having breast cancer?

A

Masses

Microcalcifications

19
Q

What is the screening programme in scotland for breast cancer?

A

Mammogram every 3 years.

Women aged 50-70 years of age.

20
Q

Is the breast cancer screening working in scotland?

A

Yes.

There is a 30% reduction in mortality.

21
Q

How do we treat breast cancer?

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy / Chemotherapy
  • Antihormonal Therapy
22
Q

What surgical options are available for patients with breast cancer?

A
  • WLE (Wide Local Excision)
  • Mastectomy
  • Breast conserving surgery
23
Q

What antihormonal therapy is available for people with breast cancer?

A
  • Tamoxifen

- Anastrozol (used for women who’ve had hysterectomy)

24
Q

What kind of drug is Tamoxifen?

A

Oestrogen Receptor Blocker

25
Q

How does Anastrozol work?

A

Aromatase Inhibitor.

blocks the conversion of testosterone to oestrogen

26
Q

What are the stages of breast cancer?

A 
0 - No spread
I - Early Stage
II - Localised
III - Regional Spread
IV - Distant Spread
27
Q

What are the characteristics of a “Localised” breast cancer? (2)

A

1) Tumor 20mm-50mm with Lymph Spread

2) Tumor >50mm no Lymph Spread

28
Q

What are the characteristics of a “Regional Spread” breast cancer?

A

1) Tumor > 50mm, with Lymph Spread

2) No tumor, but cancer spread to skin or wall

29
Q

What are the characteristics of a “Distant Spread” breast cancer?

A

Cancer has spread beyond the breast to other parts of the body.

Conditions - Reproduction (13 decks)

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