Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Surgery > Breast & endocrine > Flashcards

Breast & endocrine Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

High risk family history of breast cancer

A

3+ family members with breast cancer
OR
2+ members with breast cancer (one with bilateral disease)
OR
1+ immediate family member with breast cancer younger than 40y/o at diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Percentage of breast cancers confirmed by triple assessment

A

Over 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is mammogram more efficient in older women than younger

A

Depends on fat replacement to tell dense changes compared to loose surrounding fat

Dense breasts make mammography less sensitive to small change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Benefits of breast ultrasound

A
  • Determines if lesion is solid OR fluid-filled OR both
  • Used in younger patients, and as a supplemental imaging with mammography
  • Can also be used to guide biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Findings of breast fibroadenoma on imaging

A

Elliptical shape

Regular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Findings of breast carcinoma on imaging

A

Invasive, irregular, shadowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the triple test for breast cancer entail

A

Clinical examination
Imaging (mammogram or USS)
Fine needle biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What to do if triple assessment is discordant in work up of breast lesion

A

Perform core or open biopsy to confirm diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What to do with results for breast lesion FNA

A

Cellular and benign - accept unless inconsistent with imaging (repeat with core biopsy)
Cellular atypia - core or open biopsy
Suspicious - repeat with core or open biopsy
malignant - progress to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of breast cancer

A

Wide excision of primary tumour + mastectomy OR radiotherapy to remaining tissue
Surgical removal of sentinel nodes for assessment of local spread and need for adjuvant tx
Metastasis: chemotherapy, hormonal therapy (tamoxifen), herceptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Indications for breast conserving surgery

A

Early breast cancer
Small cancers (less than 3cm or less than 4cm in large breasts)
Need for small excision without cosmetic detriment
Single tumours
T1-2 minimal nodal involvment, MO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contraindications for breast conserving surgery in breast cancer

A 
T4, N2 or M1
Patient choice
Strong family history (e.g. BRCA)
Incomplete excision
Multi-centric cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Indications for total mastectomy

A 
Large cancer, small breasts
Extensive nodal disease
Multiple cancers
Patient Choice
Following attempted, failed breast conserving surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complications of axillary clearance

A 
Seroma
Infection
Injury to motor and/or sensory nurves
Lymphoedema
reduced shoudler mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Indications for radiotherapy in breast cancer

A

Inoperable cancer
- after conservative surgery
- post-mastectomy (involved nodes, extensive primary, vascular invasion)
Advanced local disease
Metastatic disease (palliation of bone disease and local recurrence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of systemic therapy in breast cancer

A 
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy (e.g. tamoxifen)
Biological therapy (e.g. herceptin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical features of breast fibroadenoma

A

Detection of mobile lump on self-examination
May grow during pregnancy
Well-defined mobile mass (breast mouse)
Usually in upper outer quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ultrasound of breast fibroadenoma

A

Well-circumscribed, round-ovoid mass, generally uniform hypoechogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of breast fibroadenoma

A

Core biopsy or follow-up in 6 months
Surgical excision if symptomatic or patient choice
- cryoablation also an option
If increase in size, excise to exclude malignant change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Clinical features of intraductal papilloma of breast

A

Nipple discharge (bloody or clear) for less than 6 months (spontaneous and intermittent), sense of fullness below the nipple relieved by passage of discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Imaging findings in intraductal papilloma of breast

Study These Flashcards
A

Often normal
May have dilated duct(s), circumscribed benign appearing mass or cluster of suspicious calcifications
Solid hypoechoic mass on ultrasound
Galactography - filling defect or other ductal abnormality e.g. ectasia, obstruction or irregularity

22
Q

Causes of breast abscesses

Study These Flashcards
A

RARE
most common in breast-feeding women as a complication of mastitis (primiparous women especially)
higher incidence in diabetes

23
Q

Common bacterial causes for breast abscess

Study These Flashcards
A

Staph aureus
Staph epidermidis
Proteus mirbilis

24
Q

Classifications of breast abscess

Study These Flashcards
A 
Puerperal abscess (breastfeeding)
Non-puerperal central abscess (mostly young women, smokers)
Non-puerperal peripheral abscess (less common, older women with underlying medical conditions e.g. DM, RA, steroids or post-breast intervention)
25
Management of breast abscess
Continue feeding or expression of milk | Antibiotics and drainage
26
Definition of fat necrosis
An ill-defined breast lump produced by a benign inflammatory process caused by necrosis and saponification of fatty tissues secondary to trauma
27
Causative factors of fat necrosis of breast
Direct trauma - Seatbelt - breast biopsy - breast surgery - injury
28
Clinical features of fat necrosis
history of trauma to breast Tender mass Solitary irregular ill-defined mass Skin retraction
29
imaging of fat necrosis of breast
MG: Ill-defined, irregular, spiculated mass +/- peripheral calcification USS: hypoechoic mass +/- mural nodules
30
Management of fat necrosis of the breast
Excisional biopsy to exclude malignancy Follow up evaluation minimise risk of trauma
31
epidemiology of galactoceles
most common benign breast lesion typically occurs in young lactating women, on cessation of lactation RF: breast feeding, mastitis, galactorrhoea, abrupt weanint
32
Clinical features of galactocele
Painless mass in central portion of breast occurring over weeks to months Non-tender Thick, creamy material on aspiration
33
management of galactocele
No specific therapy required Will subside in a few weeks Needle aspiration or drainage with gentle pressure if complicated by infection
34
Mammary duct ectasia definition
Dilation of ducts of breast with inspissation of normal secretions, arising from chronic intraductal and periductal inflammation causing fibrosis
35
Clinical features of mammary duct ectasia
thick grey-black nipple discharge Pain and nipple tenderness Palpable mass with skin retraction Firm, rounded, fixed mass
36
Imaging of duct ectasia
MG: dilated linear branching densities in subareolar region, rod-like calcifications pointing towards nipple US: dilated, fluid filled subareolar ducts with moving echogenic debris (often mimics intraductal papilloma)
37
Management of mammary duct ectasia
Surgical excision with a cone of surrounding tissue if warranted by patients symptoms
38
Lifetime risk of breast cancer if BRCA1 or 2 positive
50-85% gene mutation present in 5-10% of all breast cancers
39
Risk factors for breast cancer
70% OF BREAST CANCER IS IN WOMEN WITH NO KNOWN RISK FACTORS - older age - family history - BRCA1 or BRCA2 - hormonal factors (early menarche, late menopause, late parity, multiparity, HRT) - radiation exposure - benign breast disease
40
Protective factors for breast cancer
Prolonged breast feeding Avoidance of alcohol and reducing dietary fat Maintaining a slim body and exercise
41
Biological markers in breast cancer
Oestrogen and progesterone (if +ve more likely to respond to hormone therapy) HER2 gene amplified - more likely to respond to herceptin therapy
42
What are the most common malignancies of the breast
1. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma | 2. Infiltrating lobular carcionma
43
Most common location of malignant breast lesions
Upper outer quadrant
44
Differences between clinical features of lobular and ductal infiltrating carcinomas of the breast
Lobular more likely to be bilateral/contralateral Lobular more likely to be larger (due to histology, difficult to palpate smaller mass) Slightly overall higher survival rates for lobular than for ductal
45
Most common types of thyroid cancers
``` Papillary carcinomas (80%) Follicular carcinomas (10%) Medullary thyroid carcinomas (5-10%) Anaplastic carcinomas Primary thyroid lymphomas Primary thyroid sarcomas ```
46
Risk factors for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
OCP use Benign thyroid nodules Late menarche Nulliparity/late age at first birth May be associated with uncommon familial syndromes Most common thyroid cancer associated with radiation to head and neck Most common thyroid cancer in children NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MEN SYNDROMES
47
Histological features of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Large thyrocytes with abnormal nucleus and cytoplasm - "orphan annie" eyes = large round cells with dense nucleus and cytoplasm Psammoma bodies Thyroglobuln +ve, keratin +ve, calcitonin -ve, CEA -ve
48
Features of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
Macroscopic: Encapsulated, solitary, often necrotic/haemorrhagic areas Microscopic: Well-defined follicles containing colloid (similar to normal thyroid)
49
Thyroid cancers associated with MEN syndromes
Medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with MEN2a and MEN2b
50
Radioisotope uptake in thyroid cancers
Thyroid cancers are non-secretory therefore they do not take up radioactive iodine (Cold nodules)

Surgery (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions