Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Assessement NSG 2317 > Breasts, Lymphatics and Peripheral Vascular System > Flashcards

Breasts, Lymphatics and Peripheral Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of blood do arteries pump to tissues?

A

Oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 kinds of fibers arterial walls are comprised of and explain each

A
  1. Elastic
    -Stretch with systole and recoil with diastole
  2. Muscle
    -Change diameter to control rate of blood flow and amount delivered to tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What creates the pulse and what is it also called?

A

Also called a pressure wave
The recoil pushes blood forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral vascular arteries:

A
  1. Brachial
  2. Radial
  3. Ulnar
  4. Femoral
  5. Popliteal
  6. Posterior tibial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do peripheral veins do?

A

Return deoxygenated blood and it’s waste products to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Different characteristics between the walls of peripheral arteries vs. veins

A

The walls of veins are thinner, larger in diameter and more distensible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of pressure system are peripheral veins, and why is it beneficial?

A

Low pressure system which reduces stress on the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood flow in the veins is ensured by:

A
  1. Contraction of skeletal muscles
  2. Pressure gradient created by breathing
  3. Intraluminal valves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the pressure gradient created by breathing

A

Inspiration = decreased thoracic pressure and increased abdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are intraluminal valves?

A

They function to bias lymph flow back towards the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peripheral vascular veins:

A
  1. Great sapenous
  2. Small saphenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main function of the lymphatic system

A

Retrieve excess fluid from tissue spaces, filter it and return it to the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the 2 main ducts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Right lymphatic duct
  2. Thoracic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty and what parts of the body does it drain excess fluid from?

A

-Empties into right subclavian vein
-Drains the right side of the head, neck and heart; right arm, lung and pleura, right upper section of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty and what pats of the body does it drain excess fluid from?

A

-Empties into the left subclavian vein
-Drains the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Conserve fluid and plasma proteins
  2. Forms a major part of the immune system
  3. Absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cervical node

A

Drains the head and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Axillary node

A

Drains the upper arm and breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epitrochlear node

A

Drains the hand and lower arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inguinal node

A

Drains the lower extremities, anterior abdominal wall and genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the 4 related lymphatic organs

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Tonsils
  3. Thymus gland
  4. Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spleen location and functions

A

Location: LUQ
Functions:
-Destroy old RBC’s
-Create antibodies
-Store RBC’s
-Filter microorganisms from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tonsils location and function

A

Location: Entrance of respiratory and GI tracts
Function: To respond to local inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thymus gland location and function

A

Location: Superior mediastinum, dorsal to sternum and anterior to aorta
Function: None for adults (for children it helps in developing T-lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bone marrow location and function

A

Location: Center of bones
Function: To create T and B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Peripheral vessels become rigid and thick, produces a rise in systolic BP
-Hardening of arteries!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why does arteriosclerosis create a high BP?

A

Because the loss of elasticity of vessel walls creates the high BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

A

Includes atherosclerosis
-Silent CVD since it’s often underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed and undertreated
-Major risk factor for lower extremity amputations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do advanced (PADs) need lower extremity amputations?

A

Because of poor to no perfusion so tissue necrosis occurs and will spread so have to amputate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atherosclerosis (as part of PAD)

A

Deposit of fatty plaque in the arteries
-Narrowing of arteries!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an angioplasty?

A

A procedure to try to open your arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and it’s risk factors?

A

-Blood clot formation in the deep veins
-Can lead to a pulmonary embolism
Risk factors:
-Progressive enlargement of intramuscular calf veins
-Increased bed-rest
-Decreased physical activity
-Heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A piece of a thrombus breaks off and travels to arteries/veins and the lungs and it can be big enough to fully block them

34
Q

What does a loss of lymphatic tissue mean?

A

Less lymph nodes and decreased size of remaining nodes

35
Q

PMHx of note for this system

A

Medications- type, dosage, new/old, side effects
Chronic conditions: Obesity, DM, CVD
Other factors: Prolonged standing for work, trauma, pregnancy, smoking, bed rest

36
Q

Who are at greater risk of getting PAD?

A

Nurses and others who stand a lot for work and for prolonged periods of time

37
Q

What medications can put you at an increased risk of blood clots?

A

Oral contraceptives and hormone replacements

38
Q

Subjective date of note

A

-Leg pain/cramps (pain with movement, leg strength)
-Peripheral skin changes in colour, temp., enlarged/crooked veins (can indicate varicose veins), presence of sores or ulcers
-Peripheral edema
-Lymphodenopathy (swelling of any lymph nodes)

39
Q

For this system check

A

ONLY inspect and auscultate, DON’T percuss or palpate
Circulation: (temp., color, cap refill, pulses, lymph nodes)
-Motor: (presence of pain with movement, strength of legs)
-Sensation: (presence of paresthesia and anesthesia)
-Symmetry: (in edema, atrophy)
-Derm: (hair distribution and venous pattern over the legs as an indication of perfusion, lesions that aren’t healing etc.)

40
Q

Difference between anesthsia and paresthesia

A

Paresthesia: Some/partial numbness, maybe pins and needles feeling
Anesthesia: Complete numbness - common in DM!!!

41
Q

Common peripheral vascular conditions

A

-Edema
-Pitting
-Lymphedema
-Deep vein -Thrombophlebitis
-Arterial occlusions
-Arterial aneurysms

42
Q

Definition of edema

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue

43
Q

Causes of edema

A

-Increased pressure in capillaries
-Decreased venous return
-Heart failure
-Certain medications
-Kidney disease
-Surgery

44
Q

Can you have increased pressure in the capillaries and not have edema?

A

Yes, because other systems can compensate but it puts extra work on them and then they can start to slow/fail so then you would get edema

45
Q

Measuring lymphedema

A

-Use nonstretchable tape measure
-Measure widest point
-Compare to same spot on other limb
-Arms: Wrist, forearm, upper arm
-Legs: Ankle, distal calf, knee, thigh

46
Q

Measuring and grading pitting Edema

A

-Push on skin for 5 seconds
1+: Mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptible swelling of leg
2+: Moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly
3+: Deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
4+: Very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen and distorted

47
Q

Chronic means you have to have it for how long?

A

At least 3 months

48
Q

Is lymphedema or pitting edema more acute?

A

Pitting edema

49
Q

Lymphedema

A

Buildup of lymphatic fluid
-Common in breast cancer -More chronic than pitting

50
Q

Signs and symptoms (subjective) to look out for from a patient with edema

A

-Tired (from carrying around excess weight)
-Paresthesia (pins and needles feeling)
-Clothes, shoes, jewlery don’t fit (are tight)

51
Q

Objective differences between pitting and lymphedema

A

Lymphedema skin will feel more tight/stretched
Pitting edema skin will feel more stretchy

52
Q

Objective data of edema

A

Unilateral swelling (more common) sometimes bilateral swelling

53
Q

Deep venous thrombophlebitis definition and effects

A

-Occulsion of deep vein by thrombus
-Resulting in:
-Inflammation
-Reduced venous return
-Cyanosis
-Edema

54
Q

Risk factors for deep venous thrombophlebitis

A

-Stasis of blood
-Hyper-coagulability
-Endothelial dysfunction (Large blood vessels of the heart constrict rather than dilate)

55
Q

Causes of deep venous thrombophlebitis

A

-Bed rest
-History of varicose veins
-Trauma
-Infection
-Cancer
-Certain medications

56
Q

Subjective and objective data of deep venous thrombophlebitis

A

Subjective:
-Calf pain that comes on suddenly and is intermittent
-Sharp pain on dorsiflexion
Objective:
-Tenderness on palpation
-Possibly varicose veins
-Warmer skin around that area

57
Q

Arterial occulsion definition and effects

A

-Occulsion of artery due to atherosclerosis or thrombus
-Results in reduced blood flow to distal areas

58
Q

Risk factors of arterial occlusions

A

-Obesity
-Smoking
-Hypertension (HTN)
-Diabetes (DM)
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Family Hx of dyslipidemia

59
Q

Subjective and objective data of arterial occlusions

A

Subjective:
-Pain
-Pins and needles
Objective:
-Pallor
-Pulseless
-Change in temperature

60
Q

Arterial aneurysms definition and effects

A

Formation of “sac” due to dilation of arterial wall (commonly in the aorta)
-Can result in the rupture of an artery -> leading to internal bleeding -> death

61
Q

Risk factors for arterial aneurysms

A

-Atherosclerosis
-Sex (males are 4-5X more likely to get)

62
Q

Subjective and objective data of arterial aneurysms

A

Subjective:
-If in the brain:
-Sudden headache
-Pain behind the eyes
-double vision
-If in the thorax:
-Change in voice (more hoarse)
-Chest pain
-Dyspnea (SOB)
-If in the abdomen:
-Lower abdominal pain
-Dull back pain (referred)
Objective:
-Might start vomiting
-Pulsations that can be seen and felt in some cases in the abdomen

63
Q

Extension of adipose tissue angling superolaterally from the primary breast into the axilla

A

Axillary tail of Spence

64
Q

Quadrants of the breast

A

-Upper inner and outer quadrants
-Lower inner and outer quadrants
-Axillary tail of Spence

65
Q

4 axillary lymph nodes of note

A
  1. Central axillary
  2. Pectoral anterior axillary
  3. Subscapular posterior axillary
  4. Lateral axillary
66
Q

Older females and breasts

A

-Post-menopause estrogen and progesterone decrease = glandular tissue and fat atrophies -> decreased breast size and elasticity
-Decreased axillary hair

67
Q

Older male breasts

A

-Disc of undeveloped tissue underlying the nipple
-Areola developed, nipple small
-Gynecomastia: Temporary tissue enlargement

68
Q

Health Hx and subjective data for breast exam

A

-Breast disease or cancer
-Genetic factors (BRCA1 or 2) (self and familial)
Subjective:
-Breast pain (mastalgia)
-Lumps
-Discharge from nipples when not lactating (galactorrhea)
-Rash
-Swelling
-Axilla: tenderness, lump, swelling, rash
-Self-care behaviours (self-examination, last mammogram)

69
Q

Urgent finding of breast exam

A

-Unexplained discharge/ bleeding from nipples
-Open or ulcerating non-traumatic lesions
-Breast mass in patient with previous breast cancer

70
Q

T/F
Is it normal for the left breast to be larger than the right?

A

True

71
Q

Physical breast exam normal findings

A

-Breast skin moves with arm movement
-For women with larger breasts want to make sure that their breasts hang down with gravity

72
Q

Can you have extra nipples?

A

Yes you can have an extra nipple (supernumerary nipple) anywhere along the embryonic milk line
-Usually born with it

73
Q

Palpation of the axilla

A

-Palpate with the opposite hand to the axilla you’re palpating
-Bimanual palpation: squeeze breast tissue together of one breast with one hand on top and other on the bottom

74
Q

Characteristics to chart if a breast lump is detected

A

-Location (use the clock as reference)
-Size
-Shape
-Consistency
-Movability
-Distinctness
-Nipple
-Skin over the lump
-Tenderness
-Lymphadenopathy (is there any swelling in the arm on the side of the lump)

75
Q

Breast cancer screening

A

-2nd major cause of death from cancers in females
-Most common cancer in females
-Survival rate at 88%
-Screening risk factors separated in unmodifiable, modifiable and possible risk factors
-Ex. of unmodifiable: age, family Hx
-Ex. of modifiable: hormonal contraceptive, obesity, excessive alcohol
-Ex. of possible: physical inactivity, adult weight gain, smoking and second hand smoking exposure, high birth weight, night shift work)

76
Q

What is the best tool for breast cancer risk assessment?

A

Asking the right history questions

77
Q

Breast cancer

A

Solitary, unilateral nontender (may not even feel) mass
-Constant growth

78
Q

Characteristics of a breast cancer mass

A

-Solid
-Hard
-Dense
-Fixed to underlying tissues or skin
-Irregular borders
-Poorly delineated (hard to describe, portray with accuracy)

79
Q

What part of the breast is breast cancerous masses most commonly located?

A

-Commonly in upper outer quadrant

80
Q

Advanced changes of breast cancer

A

-Firm or hard axillary nodes
-Dimpling of skin
-Nipple retraction
-Elevation
-Discharge

81
Q

Abnormal findings

A

-Fixation (A)
-Orange skin is edema (B)
-Bloody discharge (C)
-Dimpling and retracted nipple (D)

Health Assessement NSG 2317 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions