Breathing

Question 1

Intra-oral air pressure for non-speech tasks can be measured with PRAAT. T/F

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In which 3 directions does the lungs expands

Answer 2

Antero-posteriorly (front to back), inferiorly-
superiorly (lower to higher), and laterally (sideways)

Question 3

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 3

If the volume of a gas is increased, given a constant temperature, the pressure will decrease.

Question 4

Name 3 anatomical locations (landmarks) for subglottic air pressure measurement.

Answer 4

Trachea, Esophagus, Lungs

Question 5

Adults complete how many respiratory cycles per minute in tidal breathing?

Answer 5

12-18

Question 6

Define total lung capacity

Answer 6

Total amount of air in lungs/airways after maximum inhalation

Question 7

What is the difference between static and dynamic measurements of air pressure. Provide examples.

Answer 7

Static – fairly constant (e.g., holding /p/ )

Dynamic – rapidly changing (e.g., /p/ during speech)

Question 8

Define vital capacity.

Answer 8

The amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation.

Question 9

Define tidal volume.

Answer 9

Volume of air inhaled/exhaled during a relaxed, resting breathing.

Question 10

Define Diffusion

Answer 10

Movement of fluid molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 11

Define lung volume and lung capacity.

Answer 11

Lung volume: the amount of air each compartment can hold.
Lung capacity: combinations of lung volumes that express physiological units.

Question 12

Define inspiratory capacity

Answer 12

he amount of air that can be inhaled after exhaling tidal expiration

Question 13

Define Functional Residual Capacity

Answer 13

The amount of air in the lungs and airways at the end of a tidal volume exhalation

Question 14

Define inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

Volume of air inhaled after inhaling TV. Maximum air that can be inhaled.

Question 15

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

Volume of air you can forcefully exhale after exhaling TV

Question 16

Define residual volume

Answer 16

Volume of air left in your lungs and airways, after maximum exhalation (“dead air”)

Question 17

Define dead space air

Answer 17

Volume of air in conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange

Question 18

What is the primary gas exchanged during respiration?

Answer 18

Correct
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Question 19

Name the muscle responsible for the majority of breathing movements.

Answer 19

Diaphragm

Question 20

Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.

Answer 20

Alveoli at ends of terminal bronciole that are surrounded by capillaries (Carry blood to and from the lungs and heart). O2 absorbed by capillaries through diffusion and CO2 transported out of alveoli

Question 21

List the components of the bronchial tree

Answer 21

1.Trachea
2. Two primary bronchi
3. Secondary Bronchi
4. Tertiary Bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli

Question 22

Define inspiration and expiration

Answer 22

Inspiration - breathing in Oxygen to body cells
Expiration - Breathing out carbon dioxide

Question 23

Name 2 types of respiration

Answer 23

Quiet and forced respiration

Question 24

What are the main muscles used for inspiration and their effect on the ribcage

Answer 24

Diaphragm, external intercostals (Anterior superior movement of ribcage)
Accessory: SCM, Trapeziuz, Pectoralis, Rhomboids

Question 25

What are the main muscles used for expiration and their effect on the ribcage

Answer 25

Internal intercostals (Down and inward movement of ribs) Accessory: Latissimus dorsi, subcostal, abdominal mm.

Question 26

Define tidal and speech breathing

Answer 26

Tidal - Quiet breathing at rest Speech - Longer expirations

Question 27

Where can pressure be measured in respiratory system

Answer 27

Subglottic Supraglottic (nasal/intra oral) Trans-glottic (difference between supra & sub) (PTP)

Question 28

List 2 invasive methods to measure subglottic pressure

Answer 28

Trachea (tracheostomy) Esophageal balloon Pressure sensor catheter passed transnasally and then between vocal folds and into trachea

Question 29

List 2 non-invasive methods to measure subglottic pressure

Answer 29

U-Tube Manometer, Spirometer Plethysmography

Question 30

Typical subglottic pressure for speech

Answer 30

0.3 to 2.0 kPa

Question 31

List 2 disorders that affect subglottic pressure

Answer 31

Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Neuro & neuromuscular disorders (many) Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Muscular dystrophy Myasthenia Gravis Etc. 4.Tracheostomy with or without ventilation (trach & vent) 5. Etc. – many more disorders

Question 32

Intraoral pressure during a non speech task can be measured with a spirometer or U-tube manometer. T/F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

List 2 types of transducers to measure intraoral pressure during speech

Answer 33

1. Intraoral transducer 2. Extraoral transducer w sensing tube (cheaper)

Question 34

Define breathing, ventilation and respiration

Answer 34

Breathing: mechanical motion resulting in forces and a rate of change of displacement. Diaphragm contracts-pressure changes-gas moves Ventilation: movement of gas to & from lungs Respiration: gas exchange (external, internal, cellular)

Question 35

Define airflow/volume velocity

Answer 35

Rate at which a specific volume of air moves through a plane

Question 36

At transition from inspiration to expiration the pressure inside lungs = Atmospheric pressure T/F

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Define Hypo and hyperventilation

Answer 37

Hypoventilation (under-breathing): excess of CO2 (dizziness, blurred vision, numbness & tingling), e.g., in sleep apnea * Hyperventilation (over breathing): too little CO2 (impaired cellular respiration, tissue damage, death), “panic attack”

Question 38

T/F Supine position reduces lung volume from 38-20%

Answer 38

True