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zoology > breathing and exchange of gases > Flashcards

breathing and exchange of gases Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

mechanisms of breathing depends on what among different groups of animals?

A

based on their habitats and their levels of organization

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2
Q

lower invertebrates: sponges colentrates and flatworms mechanism of breathing?

A

simple diffusion over their entire body surface

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3
Q

earthworm mechanism of breathing?

A

moist cuticle

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4
Q

insects mechanism of breathing?

A

tracheal tubes

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5
Q

aquatic arthropods and molluscs mechanism of breathing?

A

gills ( branchial respiration)

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6
Q

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals mechanism of breathing?

A

lungs ( pulmonary respiration)

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7
Q

amphibians like frog mechanism of breathing?

A

cutaneous respiration (moist skin)

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8
Q

portion which is common for both food and air in human respiratory system

A

pharynx

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9
Q

what is sound box

A

larynx which is a cartilaginous box

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10
Q

epiglottis function

A

it prevents the entry of food into the larynx by its thin elastic cartilaginous flap

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11
Q

trachea location

A

it extends up to the mid thoracic cavity and divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra

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12
Q

human respiratory system pathway

A

nostrils - nasal passage - nasal chamber - pharynx - larynx -trachea - left and right primary bronchi - secondary and terminally bronchioles - alveoli

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13
Q

what comprises the lungs

A

the branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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14
Q

lungs are covered by

A

double layered pleura with pleural fluid between them

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15
Q

what is the role of pleural fluid

A

to reduce friction

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16
Q

outer pleural membrane surface is in close contact with

A

thoracic lining

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17
Q

the inner pleural membrane is in close contact with

A

lung surface

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18
Q

what is the conducting part

A

external nostrils to the terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

what is the function of conducting part

A

-it transports atmospheric air in to the alveoli
-clears it from foreign particles
-humidifies and also brings air to body temperature

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20
Q

what is the respiratory part or exchange part

A

alveoli and their ducts

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21
Q

what is the function of exchange part

A

actual site of diffusion of o2 and co2 between blood and air

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22
Q

where are lungs situated

A

in the thoracic chamber which is anatomically tight chamber

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23
Q

where is thoracic chamber formed

A

dorsally by the ventral column
ventrally by the sternum
laterally by the ribs
and on the lower side of the dome shaped diaphragm

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24
Q

what is the anatomical setup in the thoracic cavity

A

any change in the volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in pulmonary cavity . it is essential for breathing as we CANNOT directly alter the pulmonary volume

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25
inspiration can occur if
intrapulmonary pressure( lung pressure )is less than atmospheric pressure
26
expiration can occur if
when intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
27
what helps in the generation of pressure gradient
diaphragm and specialized set of muscles -external and internal intercostal between the ribs
28
inspiration is initiated by
contraction of diaphragm which increases volume of thoracic chamber in antero posterior axis contraction of external inter costal muscles lift up the ribs and sternum and increase the volume in dorso ventral axis
29
what initiates expiration
relaxation of the diaphragm and inter costal muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions. this reduces the thoracic volume so the pulmonary volume. thereby increase in pulmonary pressure.
30
what is the role of additional muscles in the abdomen
it has the ability to increase the strength of inspiration and expiration
31
on an average a healthy human breathes
12-16 times/minute
32
the volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by
spirometer
33
tidal volume TV
volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration approx: 500ml 6000-8000ml of air per minute
34
IRV
additional volume of air a person inspires by a forcible inspiration 2500-3000ml
35
ERV
additional volume a person expire by forcible expiration 1000-1100ml
36
RV
volume of air remaining in lungs after forcible expiration 1100-1200ml
37
IC
total volume of air a person can inspire after normal expiration TV+IRV
38
EC
total volume a person can expire after normal inspiration TV + ERV
39
FRC
volume of air that remain in lungs after normal expiration ERV+RV
40
VC
maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration ERV+TV+IRV
41
TLC
total volume of air accommodated in lungs at end of forced inspiration RV+ERV+TV+IRV or VC+RV
42
what are the volumes which cannot be measured by spirometer
FRC, RV AND TLC
43
what are the primary sites of exchange of gases
alveoli
44
o2 and co2 diffusion between blood and tissues is mainly based on
pressure or concentration gradient
45
what are the important factors that can affect the rate of diffusion
solubility of gases thickness of the membrane
46
oxygen pathway
alveoli to blood to tissues
47
co2 pathway
tissues to blood to alveoli
48
how much times higher is co2 solubility than that of o2
20-25 times higher
49
what are the diffusion membrane layers
thin squamous epithelium of alveoli endothelium of alveolar capillaries basement substance
50
basement membrane is composed of
thin basement membrane supporting the squamous epithelium and basement membrane surrounding the single layer of endothelial cells
51
total thickness of membrane
less than a millimeter
52
what is the medium of transport for o2 and co2
blood
53
transport of o2 by rbcs
97%
54
transport of o2 in dissolved state of plasma
3%
55
transport of co2 by rbc
20-25%
56
transport of co2 by bicarbonate
70%
57
transport of co2 by dissolved state through plasma
7%
58
o2 bind with haemoglobin to form
oxyhemoglobin
59
each haemoglobin can carry a maximum of
4 molecules of o2
60
favorable condition for formation of oxyhaemoglobin
low po2, high pco2, high H^+ concentration, high temperature
61
every 100ml of oxygenated blood can deliver
5ml of o2
62
factors favourable for carbamino haemoglobin
high pco2, low po2
63
for dissociation of co2 bound to haemoglobin
low pco2, high po2
64
rbcs contain very high concentration of an enzyme called
carbonic anhydrase
65
every 100ml of deoxygenated blood delivers
4ml of co2 to alveoli
66
asthma
inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles difficulty in breathing due to wheezing
67
emphysema
chronic disorder alveolar walls are damaged due to which respiratory surface is decreased cause: cigarette smoking
68
occupational respiratory disorder
proliferation of fibrous tissues : fibrosis
69
center present in medulla region responsible to maintain and moderate respiratory rhythm
respiratory rhythm center
70
what moderates the functions of RRC
center present in pons region of brain called pneumotaxic centre it can reduce duration if inspiration and thereby alter respiratory rate
71
what is adjacent to rhythm centre
a chemosensitive area is situated which is highly sensitive to co2 and hydrogen ions increase in these substances activate RRC
72
which receptors can also recognize changes in co2 and H+ concentration
aortic arch and carotid arch

zoology (2 decks)

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