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Breeding And Reproduction Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Polyoestrous

A

Cycles all year round e.g. Cows

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2
Q

Seasonal polyoestrous

A

Regular cycles during a certain time of year

Long day- horses
Short day- sheep

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3
Q

Mono oestrous

A

1 oestrous in a year eg bitches

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4
Q

Seasonal effects on male reproduction

A

Low testosterone production
Reduced sperm motility
Behavioural factors

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5
Q

Seasonal affects on female reproduction

A

Many females have a breeding season
E.g. Horses, come into season during spring summer, will become receptive to male, GnRH pulsing impulses starts ovulation.
Sheep have an autumnal breeding season.

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6
Q

Mechanism by which seasonal breeding is effected?

A

Melatonin!
Declining daylight leads to increasing melatonin but species response is different.
Depressed reproduction in long day breeders e.g. horses.
Short day breeders eg sheep require declining photoperiod , increasing, melatonin to stimulate GnRH.

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7
Q

3 ways in which seasonality can be used to manipulate breeding

A

Expose animals to artificially lengthened or shortened days e.g. Cover cage, turn lights out (hens)

Change latitude - shuttle stallions

Give melatonin- implants to advance cyclicity in ewes

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8
Q

Give 3 non reproductive examples of the importance of seasonal effects for husbandry

A

Body weight
Behaviour
Appetite

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9
Q

State oestrous detection aids for a variety of species

A

Visual signs- bulling, ride marks, bulling string (cows)
Tail paint/ chalk, mount indicators (cows and sheep)
Pedometers (cows)
Follicle observation in mares - 35mm, tear dropped, soft, thick wall
Vaginal cytology in bitches. Pro oestrous, cells become cornified.

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10
Q

Reasons for manipulation of oestrous

A

Poor oestrous detection
Synchronisation
Enable AI at same time
Trigger post partum resumption

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11
Q

Explain effects of commonly used hormones on oestrous cycle
Luteal phase?
Follicular waves?
Arrest?

A

Control luteal phase? Shorten- prostaglandins. Lengthen- progesterone

Manipulate follicular waves? To start-PMSG or eCG. Stimulate ovulation? GnRH or hCG

Temporary arrest ? Progesterone

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12
Q

Cause of anoestrous?

A 
Pregnancy
Lactation
Season
Stress
Negative energy balance
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13
Q

Describe one possible protocol to achieve oestrous synchronisation in cattle

A 
Fixed time AI cows- ovsynch
Day0 GnRH, synchronise new wave emergence
Day 7 PGFa causes luteolysis
Day 9 GnRH control time of ovulation 
Day 10 AI
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14
Q

Use of exogenous progesterone

A

Intra vaginal devices eg PRIDs and CIDRs
When removed all will start cycling at same time, can AI at same time.
Give PGFa 24 hrs before removal to remove an CL
AI 56 hours after removal

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15
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

A

1 proliferation. Mitosis. SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS. Stem cell renewal

  1. Meiotic. SPERMATIDOGENESIS. Primary spermatocytes. Haploid
  2. Differentiation. SPERMIOGENESIS. No further cell division. Spermatozoa
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16
Q

Goals of spermatogenesis

A

Generate spermatozoa
Create and replenish supply of stem cells
Create genetic diversity

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17
Q

Stages from spermatogonia- spermatozoa

A

Spermatogonia (in basal compartment)
Spermatocytes (cross sperm testis barrier)
Spermatids (in luminal compartment)
Spermatozoa

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18
Q

How is stem cell stock replaced?

A

Some spermatogonia don’t continue process to become spermatozoa, some will regenerate back to stem cells

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19
Q

Spermatozoa features
Head
Tail

A

Head? Nucleus and acrosome and nuclear cap
Shape varies
Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes required for penetration of zone pellucida

Tail? Self powered flagellum

Middle piece contains mitochondria for energy

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20
Q

Spermatogenic wave

A

Regina along seminiferous tubules are at different stages of development
Get continual trickle release

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21
Q

Endocrine regulation of males

A

Hypothalamus- GnRH -> Ant Pit- LH and FSH
LH-> leydig cells- testosterone -> Sertoli cells
FSH-> sertoli cells —> produces testicular fluid

All effected by negative feedback

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22
Q

Spermatozoa?

Produced/matured/stored

A

Produced in Testis
Matured in head and body of epididymis (develop motile capacity)
Stored in tail of epididymis

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23
Q

Compensate effect?

A

Problems which can be compensated with large numbers eg motility

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24
Q

What are spermatozoa very sensitive too?

Study These Flashcards
A

Temperature
Water- spermicidal
Bright light

25
Sperm testis barrier?
Stops immune system getting into adluminal compartment | After meiosis spermatogonia are genetically different than body cells so immune system will destroy them
26
Advantages of AI
``` Large genetic pool Known traits Bio security No male needed-safer for stockman Vastly multiplies genes from exceptional males ```
27
Disadvantages of AI
Need good oestrous detection Correct straw storage Need training Can be costly esp for sexed semen
28
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis
Ultrasonography- transrectally around 20 days Palpating- abdominal and foetal ballot, take care Radiography- skeletons need to be calcified. Avoid in first two trimesters, risk to foetus
29
Explain the AM PM rule
Oestrous on average lasts 9-14 hours in cows and ovulation occurred around 12-18 hours after end of oestrus. If oestrous is seen in morning, AI that afternoon. If oestrous seen in afternoon, AI following morning.
30
Where is semen deposited during AI
Through cervix into uterine horns
31
State drugs that could be used to control parturition
Sow- PGF2a around day 114, give birth within 36 hrs, CL dependent Cow- PGF and corticosteroids opens birth canal and primes neonate, can get long, medium and short acting.
32
State drugs that couples be used to temporarily suppress reproductive function
Delvosteron- progesterogen. Cats dogs and ferrets. One injection at start of proestrus Oxytocin- mare. Give week or two after ovulation to extend CL life Tardak in male dog to suppress of hyper sexuality
33
Drugs that can be used to treat misalliance
When you don't want animal to carry on pregnancy Mare- fluprostenol (PGF) at day 35 Cow- PGF2a between day 6 and 150 Bitch- do not use prostaglandins. CL quite resistant. Use oestradiol benzoate. Day 3 and 5
34
Reasons for embryo transfer
Multiply superior genetics especially with species with long gestations
35
Reasons for in vitro methods of reproduction
Genetic diversification | Rare semen can be used on multiple females
36
Reasons for controlling litter size
Dairy and horse- twins undesirable
37
Describe what anatomical and physiological changes take place to life ex uterine with regard to cardiovascular system?
Closure of foramen ovale- starts lung circulation, increase pressure in left atrium Closure of ductus arteriosus- reflex response to oxygenated blood Umbilical vessels. Veins collapse and arteries contact
38
Describe what anatomical and physiological changes take place to life ex uterine with regard to respiration
Alveoli. Altricial young still developing post partum Surfactant- prevent alveoli collapse, develops late gestation Lung fluid- physical removal during parturition
39
List four natural stimuli of respiration and how these may be utilised to resuscitate a neonate
Physiological -hypoxia, respiratory acidosis Physical Lower temp - rub with towel to dry and raise temp Tactile- rubbing, tickling nose Gravity- gently tip upside down
40
Outline capabilities and development of immune system
Full capabilities only after birth, more neutrophils than adults T cells all at birth B cells 1/3 of adult at birth Ability to respond to antigens at birth Viruses, bacteria and Protozoa until 14-30 days But often not a full response
41
State a breed or species specific example of thermoregulation
Ruminants have a supply of brown fat | Foals use endogenous glycogen
42
Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to GI tract
Gut flora takes several weeks to become established | Live changes from a blood forming organ to a metabolic organ
43
Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to renal function
Kidneys functional from second half of gestation. Urine excreted via urachus Post partum higher glomerular filtration rate High levels of renin and aldosterone Large volume of hypotonic urine
44
Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to neurological system
Spinal reflexes developed early eg withdrawal and righting Skin sensation developed Suckling reflex present
45
Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to musculoskeletal adaptations
Foetal movements mid gestation Bones well ossified Wide stance and exaggerated gait Tendon and ligament laxity
46
List 2 body features that may indicate prematurity
Silky coat No incisors Over extended limbs Floppy ears
47
Describe normal stages of parturition
Complex cascade of endocrine events initiated by foetus Initiation of my one trial contractions Expulsion of foetus Expulsion of foetal membrane
48
What is foetal disposition?
Spatial arrangement of the foetus in relation to pelvis and birth Canal Can be normal or abnormal
49
Three terms used to describe disposition?
Presentation Position Posture
50
Foetal presentation?
Can be anterior, posterior or transverse
51
Foetal position
Can be dorsal, ventral or lateral
52
Foetal posture?
Disposition of the head, neck and limbs | Eg flexed, extended and direction
53
Common causes of dystocia
Expulsive forces insufficient Birth canal of inadequate size or shape Size or disposition of foetus means it's unable to pass through birth canal
54
Foetal dystocia
Maldisposition Feto-maternal disproportion Foetal monsters Multiple births
55
Maternal dystocia
Abnormalities of birth canal- skeletal or soft tissue Incompetence of cervical dilation Uterine torsion Expulsive deficiency
56
Uterine inertia
A) primary uterine inertia Deficiency of contractile potential of myometrium B) secondary uterine inertia Inertia of exhaustion
57
List economic, health and welfare implications of dystocia
Increased stillbirth and mortality of offspring Increased dam mortality Reduced productivity of dam Less offspring less profit
58
Outline care of neonate after dystocia
Do not rupture umbilical cord- will rupture naturally. When does dip naval Remove foetal membranes and ensure is breathing Colostrum!
59
Outline care of dam after dystocia
Always check for another foetus Check for injury to reproductive tract Pain relief Good nursing care

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