Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 > brief into to immunology > Flashcards

brief into to immunology Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

most basic way to describe immune system

A

must discriminate self from non self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define innate immunity

A

instinctive, non specific does not depend on lymphocytes, present from birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define adaptive immunity

A

specific acquired/learned immunity
requires lymphocytes, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are both innate and adaptive immunity made up of

A

cells and soluble factors (humoral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many layers does centrifuge blood form

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe layers of blood

A

upper fluid - plasma - straw coloured liquid

middle layer - white fluffy layer, blue coat - leukocytes

lower layer - erythrocytes , platelets

serum - plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define haematopoesis

A

the commitment and differentiation processes that leads to the formation of all blood cells from pluripotent haematopoeitic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what drives cellls down different pathways

A

colony stimulating factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 3 polymophonuclear leukocytes

A

they have many dif shaped nuclei
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 mononuclear leukocytes

A

they all have one nucleus

monocyte
t cells
b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe neutrophils

A

75% of WBC
short lived - 1 dy
terminated in spleen
characteristic 3 interconnected nuclei

important role in innate immunity - phagocytosis
2 main intracellular granules:
1. Primary lysosomes – can kill microbes by secreting toxic substances
2. Secondary granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe eisonophills

A

Mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Lifespan 8-12 days
Granules stain for acidic dyes (eosin)
Activates neutrophils, induces histamine release from mast cells and provokes bronchospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 types of T cells

A
  1. T - regs
  2. T helper (CD4) (Th1 &Th2)
  3. cytotoxic (CD8)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe basophils

A

Mainly involved in immunity to parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Lifespan 2 days
Granules stain for basic dyes
Very similar to mast cells
Binding of IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do T lymphocytes mature

A

in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lifespan of T lymphocytes

A

hours-years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe monocytes

A

Plays an important role in innate AND adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

Differentiate into macrophages in the tissues

Main role – remove anything foreign (microbes) or dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are T cells found and what do they do

A

blood, lymph nodes and spleen

Recognise peptide Ag displayed presenting cells (APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells
these secrete antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe B cells

A

Play major role in adaptive immunity
Lifespan hours – years
Mature in bone marrow
Recognise Ag displayed by antigen presenting cells (APC)
Differentiate into plasma cells that make antibodies
Found in blood, lymph nodes and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe macrophages

A

Play important role in innate and adaptive immunity (phagocytosis and Ag presentation)

Reside in tissues, lifespan – months/years e.g. Kupffer cells – liver, microglia – brain

Most often first line of non-self recognition

Main role – remove foreign (microbes) and self (dead/tumour cells)

Present Ag to T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are other minor cell populations

A

mast cell

natural killer cell

dendritic cell
kuppfer - liver
langerhans - skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a natural killer cell

A

type of t cell but functions more like neutrophil
anti tumour response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are mast cells
allergic reactions contain histamine undergo degranulation to release histamine Only in tissues (precursor in blood) Very similar to basophils Binding to IgE to receptor causes de-granulation releasing histamine – main cause of allergic reactions
26
3 groups of soluble factors
1. complement 2. antibodies 3. cytokines, chemokines
27
what are complements
group of 20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that need to be activated to be functional complement is activated only as part of the immune response - 3 activation pathways
28
what are the modes for action for complements
1. direct lysis 2. attract more leukocytes to site of infection 3. coat invading organisms
29
what do antibodies do
bind to antigens
30
what 3 things can complement do
Lyse microbes directly (membrane attack complex) Increase chemotaxis Opsonisation (C3b – important to remember)
31
what are immunoglobulins
another word for antibodies
32
describe antibodies
soluble secreted bound to B cells as part of B cell antigen receptor
33
what are the 5 distinct classes of Ig antibodies
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
34
what’s the most prominent Ig in human serum
IgG - 70-75%
35
describe IgM
accounts for 10% of Igs in serum pentamer, formation requires J chain mainly found in blood - too big to cross endothelium mainly primary immune response, initial contact with Ag the monomeric form (mIgM) is present as an antigen specific receptor on B cells
36
describe igA
accounts for 15% of Igs in serum in humans 80% of serum IgA is as a monomer- in most animals it is a dimmer predominant ig in mucous and genitourinary secretions - called secretary IgA
37
describe IgD
Accounts for 1% of Ig in serum A transmembrane monomeric form (mIgD) is present on mature B cells
38
describe IgE
Accounts for only ~0.05% of Ig in serum Basophils and Mast Cells express and IgE-specific receptor that has high affinity for IgE Basophils and Mast Cells are continually saturated with IgE Binding Ag triggers release of histamine by these cells Associated with hypersensitivity allergic response and defence against parasitic infections
39
what is an epitope
the specific site on an antigen antige may have lots
40
what are cytokines
proteins secreted by immune and non immune cells Substances produced by one cell that influence the behaviour of another, thus effecting intercellular communication.
41
what are the types of cytokines
interferons interleukins colony stimulating factors tumour necrosis doctors
42
what are interferons
induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninflected cells and limit the spread of viral infection IFNa & b - produced by virus infected cells IFNy - released by activated macrophage and Th1 cells
43
what are interleukins
produced by many cells, over 30 types can be pro inflammatory or anti inflammatory can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors
44
what are colony stimulating factors
involved in directing the davison and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells - precursors of leukocytes
45
what are tumour necrosis factors
mediate the inflammation and cytotoxic reactions
46
what are chemokines
chemotactic cytokines group of approx 40 proteins that direct movement of leukocytes and other cells from the blood strea into the tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells
47
4 types of chemokines
all attack diff things CXCL - mainly neutrophils CCL - monocytes, lymphocytes, eisonophils, basophils CX3CL - mainly T lymphocytes & NK cells XCL - mainly T lymphocytes
48
describe innate defence
non specific first line of defence provides barrier to antigen instinctive present from birth slow response no memory
49
describe adaptive defence
specific responses specific to antigen learnt behaviour memory to specific antigen quicker response
50
features of innate immunity
- primitive (spread across species) - ‘un-learned/instinctive’ response • Does not depend on immune recognition by lymphocytes • Does not have long lasting memory • Integrates with Adaptive response
51
what is innate immunity composed of
Physical and chemical barriers Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Blood proteins (complement, acute phase)
52
give examples of exterior defences - physical barriers
1. lysozyme in tears & other secretions 2. skin - physical barrier,fatty acids, commensalism 3. commensais 4. low ph and commensais of vagina 5. removal of particles by rapid passage of air over turbinate bones 6. bronchi - mucus, cilia 7. gut - acid, rapid ph change 8. flushing of urinary tract
53
when does inflammatory response occur
when barriers are breached and there is tissue damage or infection
54
what is the inflammatory response
- stop bleeding - coagulation - acute inflammation - kill pathogens. neutralise toxins, limit pathogen spread - clear pathogens/dead cells (phagocytosis) -proliferation of cells to repair damage - remove blood clot - remodel extracelular matrix - re establish normal structure/ function of tissues
55
define inflammation
a series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to sites of infection and damage
56
hallmarks of inflammation
increased blood supply increased vascular permeability increased leukocyte transendothelial migration ‘extravasation’
57
define acute inflammation
complete elimaination fo a pathogen followed by resolution of damage, dissapearance of leukocytes ands full regeneration f tissue
58
what is chronic inflammation
persistent, un resolved inflammation
59
what senses microbes in blood
monocytes and neutrophils
60
what senses microbes in tissues
macrophages, dendritic cells
61
relationship between PRR and PAMP
PRR - pattern recognition receptors - on cells PAMP - pathogen associated molecular patterns - ON MICROBES PAMP binds to PRR
62
what are C type lectin receptors
EXAMPLE OF PRR expressed by macrophage and DC - bind to carbohydrates in a Ca2+ dependent manner the receptor save a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD)
63
what are scavenger receptors
very large family of receptors they mainly recognise foreign lipids
64
what are toll like receptors
they recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns expressed by microbes
65
what are the 3 activation pathways for complement proteins
1 classical - Ab bound to microbe 2. alternative - C binds to microbe 3. lectin - activated y mannose binding lectin to microbe
66
define Haematopoietic pluripotent stem cell (haemocytoblast):
the stem cell that every blood cell in the body originates from
67
what does T helper 1 do
CD4 – help immune response intracellular pathogens
68
what does T helper 2 do
CD4 – help produce antibodies extracellular pathogens
69
what does cytotoxic T cell do
CD8 – can kill cells directly
70
what does T regulator do
regulate immune responses
71
define antibody
protein produced in response to an antigen. It can only bind with the antigen that induced its formation – i.e. specificity.
72
define antigen
a molecule that reacts with preformed antibody and specific receptors on T and B cells.
73
define epitope
the part of the antigen that binds to the antibody/ receptor binding site
74
define affinity
measure of binding strength between an epitope and an antibody binding site. The higher the affinity the better.
75
5 characteristics of innate immunity
1st line of defence Provides barrier to antigen Is present from birth No memory Does not require lymphocytes
76
4 characteristics of adavptive immunity
Response specific to antigen Memory to specific antigen Quicker response Requires lymphocytes
77
3 drawbacks of innate immunity
Effective but limited Can be evaded No long lasting memory
78
2 benefits of innate immunity
Primitive (spread across species) Instinctive response
79
what 3 thimgs does innate immunity include
Physical and chemical barriers Phagocytic cells (neutrophils and macrophages) Serum proteins (complement, acute phase)
80
give 3 anatomical barriers
Skin – dermis and epidermis Sebum (skin secretions) Intact skin – prevents penetration, prevents growth
81
what kind of barrier is mucous membranes
physical
82
characteristics of mucous membrane
Saliva Tears – lysozyme in tears and other secretions Low pH and commensals of vagina Mucous secretions Mucous – entrapment Cilia – beating removes microbes Commensal colonies – attachment, nutrients
83
give 4 physiological barriers
Temperature – chickens have high body temperature and are Anthrax resistant Fever response inhibits micro-organism growth pH Gastric acidity – neonate stomach less acidic than adult so susceptible to infection
84
hallmarks of innate immunity
Primitive (spread across species) Un-learned/ instinctive response Doesn’t depend on immune recognition by lymphocytes Does not have long lasting memory Integrates with adaptive response
85
3 benefits of adaptive immunity
Antigen specificity and diversity Immunological memory Specific self/ non-self recognition
86
what are the 6 steps to phagocytosis
Binding Engulfment Phagosome formation Lysosome fusion (phagolysosome) Membrane disruption Antigen presentation/ secretion
87
what do microbes and bacteruia do to innate immunity
Microbes evade innate immunity Intracellular viruses and bacteria hide from innate immunity
88
which microbes for T cells
Cell mediated – T cells – intracellular microbes
89
which microbes for B cells
Humoral (Ab) – B cells – extracellular microbes
90
what does Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) do
Display peptide from self OR non-self proteins (e.g. degraded microbial proteins) on the cell surface – invasion aler
91
describe MHC 1
glycoproteins on all nucleated cells
92
describe MHC 2
glycoproteins only on APC
93
describe MHC 3
code for secreted proteins
94
describe intrinsic class
Intrinsic (intracellular) – class I (all cells) – Tc (CD8) – kill infected cell with intracellular pathogen
95
describe extreinsic class
Extrinsic (extracellular) – class II (APC only) – Th (CD4) – help B cell make Ab to extracellular pathogen
96
what are the 3 antigen presenting cells
Macrophages Dendritic cells B cells
97
what does cell mediated immunity requrie
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Intrinsic (endogenous) antigens Extrinsic (exogenous) antigens Recognise self or non-self
98
what do T cells respond to
Only respond to intracellular presented antigens
99
define T cell selection
T cells recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature
100
describe B cell activation
B cells become activated upon binding with an antigen. These then go to the lymph nodes where clonal expansion takes place with the cells differentiating into plasma cells. These secrete Ab (usually IgM) which later turn into IgG. B cells divide – clonal expansion and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. Re-stimulation of memory B cells lead to secondary response.
101
antibody strucrture
light chain heavy chain variable regions - bind antigen, differe between antibodies with different specificities constant regions - same for antibodies of a given H chain class or L chain tupe

intro to clinical sciences phase 2 (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions