Britain 2: cause of factory reform Flashcards by Kate Kilburn

Q

What are the factors for factory reform?

A

pressure groups
work of individuals
parliament
change in govt attitude

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Q

Work of individuals

Who led the 10 hour movement?

A

Richard Oastler

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Q

Work of individuals

How many copies did Chadwick’s health report sell?

A

100,000 colies

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Q

Work of individuals

Who created the General Board of Health?

A

Chadwick

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Q

Work of individuals

What is an issue with Chadwick’s actions?

A

He was widely disliked, limiting his impact

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Q

Work of individuals

Who was John Simon?

A

The first London Medical Officer of Health

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Q

Work of individuals

What did John Simon influence?

A

Weekly inspections of poor parts of cities

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Q

Work of individuals

What did John Simon introduce every Monday?

A

The 9 city registrars had to provide the number and cause of death in area

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Q

Work of individuals

What did William Farr do?

A

Wrote annual letters to the registrar-general on the causes of deaths in England

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Q

Work of individuals

Who set up the Royal Sanitary Commission and when?

A

John Simon in 1868

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When was the first Public Health Act?

A

1848

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

Who introduced the first Public Health Act?

A

Lord Morpeth

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What was the impact of the Public Health Act?

A

The creation of the Central Board of Health to oversee the adequate provision of sanitation resources

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

Only in areas of a mortality rate of what did a board of health have to be established?

A

23 in every 1000

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What did the Burial Acts do?

A

Created a public network of cemeteries in London and charged a poor rate to maintain them

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When were the Burial Acts?

A

1852-57

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

What did the Sanitary Act do?

A

Make sanitary inspections compulsory for local corporations, and required them to maintain records of these

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Q

Reforms affecting living conditions

When was the Sanitary Act?

A

1866

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Q

Protests

Where was Luddism based?

A

In Nottingham

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Q

Protests

When were the first threatening letters sent from Luddites?

A

1811

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Q

Protests

In 3 weeks, how many stocking frames were destroyed by the luddites?

A

200

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Q

Protests

How many troops were sent to Luddite active areas?

A

12,000

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Q

Protests

In Feb 1812, how many frames were destroyed, of a value of what?

A

1000 frames between £6000-£10,000

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Q

Protests

Who was the anti-Luddite mil owner that was killed?

A

William Horsfield

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Protests In 1812, how many men in Lancashire were killed and transported?

18 killed, 13 transported

Protests What law was passed and when to stop the Luddites?

1812 Frame Breaking Act

Protests When were the Swing Riots?

1830

Protests What caused the swing riots?

Hunger politics due to poor harvests

Protests What did the swing riots threaten in letters?

To set fire to hay ricks or break threshing machines

Protests How long did the swing riots last for?

2 years

Protests How much riot damage did the swing riots cause?

£600

Protests How much arson damage did the swing riots cause?

£100,000

Protests How many swing rioters were sentenced to death?

252

Protests How many swing rioters were transported?

505

What other protests were happening?

- Chartism - Friendly societies - Trade Unions

Protests Who formed Short Term Committees?

Spinners and weavers in Huddersfield and Leeds

Protests What did Short Term Committee campaign for?

Legislation and persuading people to sign petitions

Protests By what year were there how many Short Term Committees?

1833

Protests How many Short Term Committees were there in Yorkshire?

12

Protests How many Short Term Committees were there in Lancashire?

11

Protests How many Short Term Committees were there in Scotland and Nottingham?

Scotland = 2 Nottingham = 1

Work of individuals What was the first industrialisation novel and when was it published?

Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy in 1840

Work of individuals How much did the first industrial novel cost?

1 shilling a month (it was released in parts)

Protests Who joined in the campaign for the Ten Hour day?

A group of factory children in Manchester

Work of individuals Who wrote the first industrialisation novel?

Frances Trollope

Parliamentary Actions How many factory inspectors did the govt appoint to enforce the 1833 Factory Act in how many mills?

4 inspectors across 4000 mills

Parliamentary Actions What were the terms of the 1833 Factory Act?

- no children under 9 - no night work for under 18s - compulsory 1.5hr break - 4 inspectors appointed

Parliamentary Actions / individuals Who unsuccessfully tried to introduce factory bills in 1838, 1839 and 1840?

Lord Ashley (Tory MP for Dorset)

Work of Individuals What did Lord Ashley do?

Chair a committee looking into the 1833 factory act, and suggested further reform

Parliamentary Actions What did the Mines Act do?

Ban underground employment of children under 10 and women

Parliamentary Actions When was the Mines Act?

1842

Parliamentary Actions/individuals Who unsuccessfully introduced a bill regulating children’s working hours, and when?

Sir James Graham, Home Secretary, in 1843

Parliamentary Actions What happened to Sir James Grahams bill?

A modified version became law as the 1844 Factory Act

Parliamentary Actions What did the 1844 Factory Act do?

- night work for women was forbidden - more inspectors - children allowed to work at age 8, but not more than 6.5hrs a day

Parliamentary Actions Which act introduced the 10hr day for women and children, and who was instrumental in this?

1847 Factory Act - John Fielden

Parliamentary Actions How did factory owners manage to avoid the 10hr day?

There was no law on when the working hours had to be, so relays started (shifts)

Parliamentary Actions In 1850, what did the govt do?

Make relays illegal for women and children, but increased the working day to 10.5hrs as a concession

Parliamentary Actions What did the 1853 Factory Act do?

Restricted working hours from 6am-6pm

Parliamentary Actions When was the Factories Act extended, and to who?

1867 to all factories employing 50 or more workers

Parliamentary Actions Name an MP who opposed reforms

Lord Althorp

Work of Individuals Who argue that profits were made in the last hour of the working day in cotton mills?

Nassau Senior, a political economist

Work of Individuals What did Thomas Babington Macauley argue?

If conditions were bad for children, they would be less effective later on in life, compromising long-term profits

Parliamentary Actions / individuals Name 2 of Peel’s reforms

Mines Act (1842) Factory Act (1844) Railway Act (1844) Companies Act (1844) Repeal of the Corn Law (1846)

Parliamentary Actions Name two pro-reform MPs

Tory MP = Michael Sadler Whig MP = Jon Hobhouse