Britain theme 2 evidence Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
National Insurance Scheme … only covered … male pop
A
1911
10%
2
Q
Unemp Insurance Act … = forced to hand out additional ‘dole payments’ early as …
A
1920
1921
3
Q
Unemp Insurance Act payments - … per week for man, bus driver earned … a week
A
75p
£3
4
Q
Housing & Town Planning Act … = estimated … houses to meet demand, … constructed before onset recession, estimated shortfall … by …
A
1919
over 600,000
213,000
822,000
1923
5
Q
existing Old Age Pensions Act …
A
1908
6
Q
1920-40 … homes built total = by 1940 … homes built since 1918 (… by public sector)
A
4mil
1/3
1mil
7
Q
… … ‘cottage estates’ created on outskirts London
A
1924-39
20
8
Q
By … Established shortfall of … Homes, by … …
A
1923
Over 800,000
1939
Over 1mil
9
Q
National Economy Act … Introduced … Cut to unemp. benefits & ‘means test’
A
1931
10%
10
Q
… Alone … claims for unemp assistance rejected
A
1931
400,000
11
Q
… Unemp Act reversed 10% cut for short term benefits
A
1934
12
Q
Blitz bombing
A
Sep 1940 - May 1941
13
Q
Blitz = … Houses destroyed, … Houses in London damaged/destroyed
A
2mil
Over 60%
14
Q
Opinion polls in … … Of public saw housing as biggest challenge
A
1945
41%
15
Q
Before WWII … Soldiers unfit for combat
A
41%
16
Q
… Seriously injured by Blitz
A
Over 139,000
17
Q
Conscription …, rationing …
A
1939
1940
18
Q
Beveridge Report … Recommended radical action to tackle ‘Five Giants’ …
A
1942
Want, disease, ignorance, squalor & idleness
19
Q
… Heath introduced Nat Insurance Act = extended pension rights to extra … people, established …, inc … & made … available to low-income families
A
1975
100,000
disability benefit
child allowances given to mothers
rent subsidies
20
Q
Wilson - Universal Child Benefit Act … doubled num children eligible
A
1975
21
Q
Cost of unemp benefits 1939 = … GNP, … By 1970
A
0.6%
8.8%
22
Q
Britain’s deficit reached … By 70s (& inflation … by 1975)
A
£800mil
25%
23
Q
Average life expectancy increased 1941-70 = … To … For women, … To … For men
A
64
74
59
69
24
Q
Right wing Con Sir Keith Joseph inspired by …
A
Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek
25
(Heath Selsdon Park meeting ... -> initiated series spending cuts, ... in first budget including ...)
1970
£300mil
council house funding & free school milk
26
(70s) by ... first cuts to welfare made & heavily criticised by Lab MPs e.g. ... who argued cuts to public services ...
1976
Tony Benn
'so deep as to endanger their basic function'
27
Housing & Town Planning Act ... = Local authorities can use gov funding for house building, ... Houses constructed
1919?
213,000
28
Housing Acts ... & ... & Labour Housing Act ... Used gov subsidies & promoted house building
1923 & 24
1930
29
'out of work donation'
1918-20
30
Unemp Insurance Act ... = Insurance paid by employees, employers & gov, covered ... Workers
1920
11.4mil
31
Widows', Orphans' & Old Age Contributory Pensions Act ... = ... Per week paid to families & funded by compulsory contributions
1925
10 shillings
32
Wall Street Crash
1929
33
End of 1930 unemp more than doubled ... To ...
1mil
2.5mil
34
National Economy Act ... Gave ... Power to 'means-test' claimants
1931
Public Assistance Committees
35
Unemployment Act ... Introduced ... Unemp assistance for... Workers who paid into scheme & created ...
1934
6 months
14.5mil
Unemp Assistance Board
36
Housing Act ... & ... Forced local authorities to tackle problem of slum housing
1933 & 35
37
New Towns Act ... Planned ... New towns including ... & ...
1946
12
Hatfield
Milton Keynes
38
Housing Act ... Empowered Local Authorities to buy homes for improvement ... Council homes built ...
1949
~700,000
1945-51
39
NHS ... Consisted of ... Hospitals & ... Staff
1948
3,100
360,000
40
Family Allowances Act ... Provided mothers with ... Per week for every child after first
1945
5 shillings
41
National Insurance Act ... Made unemp benefits available for all workers & provided state pension for men over ... & Women over ... (funded by compulsory ... per week)
1946
65
60
4 shillings & 11 pence
42
Nat Assistance Act ... established ... to provide financial support to homeless, disabled & unmarried/single mothers
1948
Nat Assistance Board
43
Hospital Plan ... = opened ... new hospitals & redesigned/refurbished further ...
1962
90
490
44
(Macmillan) by ... ... homes built with ... social housing
1964
1.7mil
40%
45
(Heath) Family Income Support Act ...
1971
46
Ministry of Health ... established under ...
1919
Chris Addison
47
Medical Research Council ... -> Tuberculosis Act ... (cases TB fell every year ...)
1919
1921
(1919-39)
48
Local Gov. Act ... devolved responsibility healthcare, given centralised funds -> e.g. ... in ...
1929
Pioneer Health Centre
Peckham
49
infant mortality rate fell ... to ... ...
14.3 /1000
12 /1000
1906-39
50
national survey ... = chronic shortage ... & poor distribution access to good hospitals
1938
beds, equipment, trained consultants
51
... think-tanks e.g. ... = British healthcare system lagged behind most developed countries e.g. ...
late 30s
'Political & Economic Planning' think-tank
Australia, America & European rivals
52
(by 1939) working class women lived on average ... less than middle class
19 years
53
Blitz bombing ... To ... Left ... Civilians seriously injured & ... Killed
Sep 1940
May 1941
139,000
43,000
54
... William Beveridge appointed to investigate welfare provision & recommend improvements, Beveridge Report ...
June 1941
1942
55
Local Gov Act ... = Regional act, gave local authorities control so no time frame/compulsion to improve hospitals
1929
56
By 1939 ... State run hospitals received no modernisation & still resembled ... Infirmaries of Victorian era
Half
'poor law'
57
By 1939 ... Pop insured against illness
Less than half
58
Maternal mortality ... Higher among working class women
50%
59
... To ... Bevan devoted himself to creation National Health Insurance Act (Eng & Wales)
Aug 1945
July 1946
60
(creation NHS) majority of Con supporters favouring Bevan's scheme in ... poll
1948
61
... Doctors signed up for new service
90%
62
... NHS enabled gov centralised control of ... Hospitals with ... Staff
5th July 1948
3,100
360,000
63
Merrison Report ... Found hospitals received ... Total NHS funding
1979
70%
64
In 50s found hospitals in middle class areas received budget ... Per head, only ... Working class areas
£4.98
£3.19
65
Much of funding from Hospital Plan Act ... Spent in London
1962
66
Social research in ... By ... Suggested 'inverse care law'
70s & 80s
Dr Julian Tudor Hart
67
... Black Report by ... = Overall gap between classes widened, working class women ... Likely to die in childbirth
1980
Dep of Health
Twice
68
By ... ... Types of antibiotic available, just ... In 1948
1968
33
1
69
NHS developed... Different blood pressure drugs
18
70
By ... NHS introduced routine vaccines against ...
1964
Diphtheria, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, whooping cough & tetanus
71
By 1979 NHS performed ... Kidney transplants a year & ... Heart bypasses
800
5,000
72
June 1948 last month before NHS ... Prescriptions dispensed by chemists, Sep 1948 = ...
6.8mil
13.6mil
73
Maternal death rate ... In 1948, ... 1979
1 per 1000 births
0.19 per 1000 births
74
More women chose to give birth in hospital - ... In 50s, by 1979 ...
50%
Almost 97%
75
Lewis Report ... recommended inc school leaving age ... to ..., create ... & two-tiered curriculum -> ...
1918
12
14
'County Colleges'
Fisher Ed Act 1918
76
Hadow Report ... recommended primary & secondary schools, 'tripartite system' & inc leaving age to ...
1926
15
77
C. P. Trevelyan sought reform through ... & ... (defeated) -> eventually ... inc school leaving age but transferred management back to LEAs
Ed Bill 1929
Elementary Schools Bill 1929
Trevelyan Ed Act 1936
78
elementary schools often had class size ... & by 1939 only ... working class children over ... in school
50-60
13%
13
79
from ... unis directly funded by gov ... running costs
1919
~1/3
80
1900 only ... attended uni only increased to ... by ...
20,000
38,000
1939
81
by 1930 new unis e.g. ...
Reading, Nottingham & Southampton
82
1939 ... attended uni = lower than ...
less than 2%
other European nations, America, Canada & Japan
83
Butler Ed Act ... Established 'tripartite system'
1944
84
Secondary moderns = ... Children, technical schools ... Children at peak
~75%
3%
85
1947 ... Children in maintained schools, 1967 ...
5.5mil
9.1mil
86
By ... School leaving age raised to 15
1948
87
Crosland Circular ...
1965
(Circular 10/65)
88
... Stated Dep of Ed would refuse approval new school unless comprehensive
1966
89
Thatcher Heath's Ed Secretary
1970-74
90
60s & 70s num comprehensives doubled ...
30 - 60%
91
Ed Act ... Callahan's Ed Secretary ... Removed funding grammar schools & forced LEAs to introduce comprehensives or have funding removed
1976
Shirley Williams
92
Attending comprehensives: ... 1964, ... 1980
7%
90%
93
Percy Report ... & Barlow Report ... Argued urgent need STEM, modernisation & expansion uni places -> new unis e.g. ...
1945
1946
Nottingham & Exeter
94
Robbins Report ... Recommended ... Increase uni places by 1980
1961
5x
95
Ed Act ... = Grants for uni students & funding for huge expansion -> ... New 'plate-glass' unis by ... e.g. ...
1962
11
1970
Kent & York
96
Open Uni created...
1969
97
Thatcher (Heath's Ed Minister) increased student grants by ... & Provided funding for further ... Unis & ... Polytechnics
40%
60
33
98
Ed Act ... Raised school leaving age 15 to 16 & encouraged 'work experience'
1973
99
Ed Act ... Removed funding grammar schools & forced LEAs to introduce comprehensives or have funding removed
1976
100
... Oxbridge students female 60s & 70s
13%
101
proportion of women in higher education ... in 60s
under 25%
102
70s proportion lower social classes attending uni still ..., ... of higher social groups
~5%
~1/3
103
num students obtaining undergraduate degrees each year inc signif from ... 1918 to ... 1979
less than 10,000
over 60,000
104
(implementation of Robbins Report 1961 ... num unis Eng & Scot)
doubled
