british reform

Question 1

general era (6):

Answer 1

• (1) Conflicting classes; upper class against reform, middle-class varying, working class for reform
• (2) Working class utilised masses for reform; middle-class utilised intellectualism and social agency for reform
• (3) w-class discontent against reform; >did little to improve, >reform that aided the working class over silencing them
• (4) Developments for education, child/female labour, public health substantial, but marginal in the long-term
• (5) Discontent and developing working class consciousness manifested as Chartism (prior protest aided this); issues eventually due to lack of finance and shared ideology (violence/nonviolence, conflicting ideals)
• (6) Chartism did leave legacy for future rebellion; 3 phases (36-39 hope, 40-42 disillusionment, 43-48 laughingstock)

Question 2

1830s legislation (7):

Answer 2

• (1) Demands of the People’s Charter (1830s): William Lovett, Francis Place; universal manhood suffrage; failed due to poor funding and middle-class abandonment once chartism associated with violence
• (2) Oastler/Yorkshire slavery publicity (1830): Oastler led campaign to end child slavery in mills/factories by exposing shocking truth to middle-classes
• (3) Factory act (1831): limited working day to 12hrs for under 18s (poorly enforced, no requirements for age proof/certification)
• (4) Lord Shaftsbury gives up cause for 10hr bill (1833)
• (5) Poor Law Amendment Act (1834): poor houses to workhouses, but workhouse conditions so poor that working class rejected this law
• (6) Municipal Corporations Act (1835): ordered incorporated boroughs to set up police forces, est principle of elected town councils
• (7) Anti-corn law league (1839): campaign to reduce tax on corn/oats, protect landowners’ interests, improve wages via trickle-down economics

Question 3

1830s people (6):

Answer 3

• (1) Edwin Chadwick (1834): social reformer, for Poor Laws and improving sanitation/public health
• (2) Feargus o’connor (1835): Chartist leader, MP for Cork (1832), radical for trades unions and reform, founded Marylebone Radical Association 1835; radical agitator, imprisoned
• (3) Lord Shaftesbury (1836): social and industrial reformer, lobbied for Tenth Hour Act (1833), reducing child labour
• (4) Richard Oastler (1825): industrial reformer, contributed to Ten Hours Act, named the ‘Factory King’, improve preexisting structure
• (5) William Lovett (1838): secretary of the Association, responsible for drafting the ‘People’s Charter’ (1838); imprisoned for sedition (1839), denounced police brutality
• (6) John Frost (1839): leader of the Newport Rising, social reformer, advocate of prison reform

Question 4

1840s legislation (13):

Answer 4

• (1) Church of England proposals (1840): provided support for working class via education and religious community/churches
• (2) Royal commission, mining reports and acts (1840): improve children’s working conditions in mines
• (3) Plug Plot (1842): 1000+ workers and chartists protested via sabotaging mills; fought troops of Hussars, Infantry post-Chartism rejection in PA
• (4) People’s Charter/Chartists demands rejected by Parliament (1842): over 3mil signatures, incited Plug Plot and further riots
• (5) Sanitary report (1842): improved health of general public/workers; illegalised overcrowding and improved sewerage systems
• (6) Rebecca Riots (1843): protests by tenant farmers against payment of tolls to use roads; achieved rent reductions and improved toll rates
• (7) Factory act (1844): limited work week in mills for women + under 18s
• (8) Health of Towns Association (1844): campaigned to improve sanitary conditions in cities
• (9) Bank Charter Act (1844): regulated issue of bank notes to be from only the Bank of England
• (10) Public health reform rejected by PA/’dirty party’ (1847)
• (11) Cholera outbreak (1848): large-scale losses from cholera outbreaks; prompted improvement of clean water, proper sewage and drainage systems
• (12) Public Health Act (1848): established General Board of Health to handle epidemics and disease prevention (but little funding and power)
• (13) Structural change in 1950 (educational): state intervention, financial support, literacy by 1850

Question 5

1840s people (4):

Answer 5

• (1) James Kay-Shuttleworth (1874): financed education, public-health reformer, supported Corn Law repeal)
• (2) Robert Owen (1846): improved working conditions for mill/factory workers
• (3) Thomas Carlyle (1854): social reformer and intellectual, contributed to awakening of social consciousness among the reading public, fascism, chartism=’disease’ from discontent
• (4) Robert Peel (1845): PM, founded cons party, repealed corn laws, prisons/met police

Question 6

Content analysis question

Answer 6

• revisionist: unconventional, holistic, openended
• traditionalist: trad, facts, linear
• post-revisionist: challenges all views, contests common historical accounts/conceptions
• Horn (1980), Thompson (1980), Fraser (1973), Royle (1996), Hinde (1998), Adelmen (1989)

- validity, reliability, value, language of question, back and forth»concluding my confident view :))))