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Brooks Flashcards

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1
Q

ABFRACTION

A

The hypothetical process leading to the loss of cervical tooth structure due to a combination of abrasion, erosion, and/or occlusal forces; data supporting this term as a discrete clinical entity are equivocal. See also ABRASION and EROSION

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2
Q

ABRASION

A

The wearing away of tooth structure or restorative material through an abnormal mechanical process. Examples include gingival and dental abrasions due to incorrect brushing.

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3
Q

ABSCESS

A

Localized collection of purulent exudate (pus) in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissues due to an infectious process or foreign material.

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4
Q

ACUTE ABSCESS

A

Abscess of rapid onset, typically producing pain and local inflammation.

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5
Q

APICAL ABSCESS

A

Inflammatory condition characterized by formation of purulent exudate involving the dental pulp or pulpal remnants and the tissues surrounding the apex of a tooth.

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6
Q

CHRONIC ABSCESS

A
  1. Abscess of comparatively slow development with little evidence of inflammation. There may be an intermittent discharge of purulent matter. 2. Long-standing collection of purulent exudate. It may follow an acute abscess. See also RESIDUAL ABSCESS
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7
Q

GINGIVAL ABSCESS

A

A localized purulent infection that involves the marginal gingiva or interdental papilla.

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8
Q

PERICORONAL ABSCESS

A

A localized purulent infection within the tissue surrounding the crown of a partially erupted tooth.

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9
Q

PERIODONTAL ABSCESS

A

Localized purulent collection in the periodontal tissues; also called lateral periodontal abscess.

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10
Q

PULPAL ABSCESS

A

Inflammation of the dental pulp characterized by the formation of purulent exudate.

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11
Q

RESIDUAL ABSCESS

A

Persistent abscess formed by the residues of a previous infection or foreign material.

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12
Q

ABSORPTION

A
  1. Passage of a substance into the interior of another substance. 2. Passage of fluids or substances through tissues. 3. Attenuation of radiation energy by the substance through which it passes.
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13
Q

ABUTMENT

A

Tooth, root, or implant used to support and/or retain a fixed or removable prosthesis.

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14
Q

ACANTHOLYSIS

A

Dissolution of the intercellular attachments within the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) of stratified squamous epithelium. Classically seen in pemphigus vulgaris during vesicle and bulla formation.

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15
Q

ACANTHOSIS

A

Hyperplasia of the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum) of stratified squamous epithelium, resulting in thickened rete ridges or widening of this layer.

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16
Q

ACCRETION

A

Accumulation on the teeth of foreign materials such as plaque, materia alba, and calculus.

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17
Q

ACELLULAR

A

Substance that is devoid of cells.

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18
Q

ACELLULAR DERMAL MATRIX

A

An allogenic collagen material that has been treated to remove all cells to provide a matrix to support tissue regeneration and re-vascularization ultimately being transformed into host tissue. Indicated in mucogingival/regenerative procedures.

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19
Q

ACHE

A

Any dull, continuous or throbing pain. It is a subjective sensation, thought to be the psychological manifestation of c-fiber (slow, nonmyelinated) nociceptive impulses with origin outside the central nervous system.

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20
Q

ACQUIRED

A

Not congenital, but attained after birth. Examples include acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immunity and acquired reflexes.

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21
Q

ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII

A

A gram-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium. It is commonly found in the soil but can also be found in dental plaque and the intestinal tract of mammals. It is typically a commensal bacterium but is the most common actinomyces species found in the opportunistic infection actinomycosis.

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22
Q

ACTINOMYCES NAESLUNDII

A

A gram-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium found in marginal and interproximal plaque of healthy individuals. Cell morphology is often curved or branching rods. An early colonizer of the tooth surface and generally associated with oral health, however along with other Actinomyces species, it is associated with acid production and root caries, and may be found in elevated numbers in periodontal diseases.

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23
Q

ACTINOMYCES VISCOSUS

A

A gram-positive, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic bacterium found in marginal and interproximal plaque of healthy individuals. Cell morphology is often curved or branching rods. An early colonizer of the tooth surface and generally associated with oral health, however along with other Actinomyces species, it is associated with acid production and root caries, and may be found in elevated numbers in periodontal diseases.

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24
Q

ACUTE

A
  1. Sharp, severe. 2. Denoting the swift onset and course of a disease.
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25
ACYCLOVIR
A synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside that may be used systemically. Drug of choice in simple mucocutaneous herpes simplex, in immunocompromised patients with initial herpes genitalis. Also active against herpes virus including herpes zoster and varicella.
26
ADENITIS
Inflammation of a lymph node or gland.
27
ADENOPATHY
Pathologic enlargement of glands, especially lymphatic glands.
28
ADENOVIRUS
A DNA virus 80 to 90 nanometers in size. It can cause respiratory illness and conjunctivitis in humans. Human adenoviruses comprise at least 31 serotypes that can be divided into three groups on the basis of oncogenicity.
29
ADHERENCE
The act or quality of uniting two or more surfaces or parts.
30
ADHESION
The property of remaining in close proximity; the molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of contacting bodies.
31
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT
Supplementary and additional therapeutic procedures. In periodontics, it generally refers to procedures other than scaling and root planing and surgical therapy, such as chemotherapy, occlusal therapy.
32
ADSORPTION
The attachment of a substance to the surface of another.
33
AEROBE
A microorganism that can live and grow in the presence of molecular oxygen.
34
AEROBIC
Environmental conditions that contain atmospheric levels of oxygen. Used in reference to microorganisms that grow optimally under these conditions. See also FACULTATIVE.
35
AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS
A gram-negative, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium found in subgingival and marginal plaque of healthy and periodontally diseased individuals. A periodontal pathogen that is implicated as a minor causative agent in chronic periodontitis but is more often associated as the predominant causative bacteria of aggressive periodontitis. Formerly named Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. ALLELE: One of two or more different genes that may occupy the same locus on a specific chromosome.
36
ALLERGEN
A substance capable of producing allergy or specific hypersensitivity.
37
ALLERGY
The altered reactivity of a sensitized individual on exposure to an allergen.
38
ALVEOLAR CREST
The most coronal portion of the alveolar process.
39
ALVEOLUS
The socket in the bone into which a tooth is attached by means of the periodontal ligament.
40
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS (ASA) PATIENT CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
System used as a basis for identifying the physical status of sedation patients. ASA I: Normal, healthy patient. ASA II: Patient with mild systemic disease. ASA III: Patient with severe systemic disease that limits activity. ASA IV: Patient with an incapacitating disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA V: Moribund patient who is not expected to survive 24 hours ASA VI: Patient is declared brain-dead and organs are being removed for transplant. E: Emergency operation of any variety used to modify one of the above classifications.
41
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
A group of antibiotics (streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin) commonly combined synergistically with penicillins.
42
ANAEROBE
A microorganism that can survive in partial or complete absence of molecular oxygen.
43
ANAEROBIC
Used in reference to microorganisms that can survive and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen.
44
ANALGESIA
Absence of sensibility; the relief of pain without loss of consciousness. Usually induced by a drug.
45
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
A severe, sometimes fatal, immediate allergic reaction, usually occurring seconds to minutes after exposure to an antigen and mediated via histamine.
46
ANAPHYLAXIS
Immediate hypersensitivity response to antigenic challenge, mediated by IgE and mast cells; typically life-threatening.
47
ANATOMIC LANDMARK
A readily recognizable anatomical structure used as a point of reference.
48
ANATOMICAL CROWN EXPOSURE
A surgical procedure designed to expose the anatomic crown by removal of soft tissue and, when necessary, supporting alveolar bone. See also CROWN LENGTHENING.
49
ANESTHESIA
Loss of feeling or sensation caused by an anesthetic agent to permit diagnostic and treatment procedures.
50
BLOCK ANESTHESIA
Local anesthesia of a nerve trunk.
51
GENERAL ANESTHESIA
Depression of the central nervous system caused by anesthetic agents and characterized by simultaneous hypnosis, analgesia, and varying degrees of muscular relaxation, including typically the loss of protective laryngeal reflexes.
52
INFILTRATION ANESTHESIA
Local anesthesia of terminal nerves.
53
LOCAL ANESTHESIA
Loss of sensation in a localized area of the body, but without central effect.
54
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
Local anesthesia of a regional body area.
55
TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
Anesthetic effect produced by the application of an anesthetic agent to a surface area.
56
ANGINA PECTORIS
Paroxysmal thoracic pain with feeling of suffocation and impending death; usually due to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or excitement.
57
ANGIOGENESIS
The physiologic process of growth and proliferation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature. The process occurs throughout life, both in health and disease, and plays a vital role in growth, development, and wound healing.
58
ANGULAR CHEILITIS
An inflammatory lesion at the labial commissures or corners of the mouth.
59
ANKYLOGLOSSIA
Partial or complete fusion of the tongue with the floor of the mouth or the lingual gingiva due to an abnormally short, mid-line lingual frenulum, resulting in restricted tongue movement. Also known as Tongue-tie.
60
ANKYLOSIS
1. Joint: fibrous or bony fixation. 2. Tooth: fusion of the tooth and the alveolar bone.
61
ANODONTIA
Congenital absence of the teeth. See also OLIGODONTIA.
62
ANOMALY
A deviation from the usual form, location, or arrangement of a structure.
63
ANTERIOR GUIDANCE
The influence on mandibular movement resulting from contact of opposing anterior teeth.
64
ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM
The range of bacterial species that is susceptible to a drug (natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic), resulting in bacterial cell death or inhibition of bacterial growth.
65
ANTIBIOTIC
Molecules or agents produced by microorganisms that have the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
66
ANTICOAGULANT
Any substance or agent that inhibits or prevents the coagulation of blood.
67
ANTIGEN
Any substance recognized by the immune system that induces antibody formation.
68
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
The use of specific agents for the control or destruction of microorganisms, either systemically or at specific sites.
69
ANTIPLAQUE AGENT(S)
Chemical compounds that alter plaque formation by either directly killing bacteria within biofilms or by modulating pathways associated with biofilm formation.
70
ANTISEPTIC
An agent that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms.
71
MAXILLARY ANTRUM
The air cavity in the body of the maxilla, lined with respiratory epithelium, that normally lies superior to the roots of the premolars and molars and generally extends from the canine or premolar region posterior to the molar or tuberosity region. It communicates with the middle meatus of the nose. Also known as Antrum of Highmore.
72
APEX, TOOTH
The anatomic end of a tooth root.
73
APHTHA (plural APHTHAE)
An ulcer of the oral mucous membrane occurring exclusively on movable tissue.
74
HERPETIFORM APHTHA
Characterized by clusters of multiple, shallow ulcers throughout the oral cavity. Almost continuous in nature.
75
MAJOR APHTHA
Large, scarring, recurrent aphthae, which may last for weeks or months. Previously termed periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens.
76
MINOR APHTHA
The most common form of recurrent aphthae. Also known as a canker sore. Shallow, painful, non-scarring ulcers surrounded by an erythematous halo that are usually found on movable, non-keratinized oral mucosa. Also known as Canker Sores.
77
APLASTIC
Without development; not forming.
78
ARACHIDONIC ACID
A 20-carbon essential fatty acid that contains four double bonds (5, 8, II, 14- eicosatetraenoic acid); the precursor of prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
79
POSITIVE ARCHITECTURE
When the crest of the interdental gingiva or bone is located coronal to its midfacial midlingual margins.
80
REVERSE ARCHITECTURE
When the crest of the interdental gingiva or bone is located apical to its midfacial and midlingual margins.
81
ARTHRALGIA
Pain in a joint.
82
ARTHROGRAPHY
Radiographic evaluation of a joint after injection of radiopaque contrast material.
83
DISC, ARTICULAR
A fibrous connective tissue structure separating the joint cavities of the temporomandibular joint; also termed the meniscus.
84
ARTICULATION
1. The contact relationships of mandibular teeth with maxillary teeth in excursive movements of the mandible. 2. A junction or union between two or more bones. 3. A skeletal joint.
85
ARTICULATOR
A mechanical device representing the temporomandibular joint and jaw members to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached.
86
ARTIFACT
Any artificial product or appearance. Used in histology and radiology to signify details or apparent conditions that are unnatural and misleading, owing to imperfect technique or materials.
87
ASACCHAROLYTIC
The inability of an organism to catabolize carbohydrates. Generally relates to sugar metabolism.
88
ASEPTIC
Free from infection or septic material; sterile.
89
ASTRINGENT
An agent that causes contraction of the tissues, arrests secretion, or controls bleeding.
90
ATRAUMATIC
Not inflicting or causing damage or injury.
91
ATROPHY
Diminution in size of a cell, organ, tissue, or part.
92
ATTACHMENT APPARATUS
The cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
93
CLINICAL ATTACHMENT LEVEL
The distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the tip of a periodontal probe during periodontal diagnostic probing. The health of the attachment apparatus can affect the measurement.
94
NEW ATTACHMENT
The union of connective tissue or epithelium with a root surface that has been deprived of its original attachment apparatus. This new attachment may be epithelial adhesion and/or connective adaptation or attachment and may include new cementum.
95
RELATIVE ATTACHMENT LEVEL
The distance from a fixed reference point on a tooth or stent to the tip of the periodontal probe during usual periodontal diagnostic probing. The health of the attachment apparatus can affect the measurement.
96
EDENTULOUS RIDGE AUGMENTATION
Procedures designed to correct a deformed alveolar ridge. Also known as Ridge Augmentation.
97
AUSCULTATION
The process of determining the condition of various parts of the body by listening to the sounds they emit.
98
AUTOIMMUNITY
An immune response to an organism's own tissues or components.
99
AUTORADIOGRAPHY
Photographic recording of radiation from radioactive material obtained by placing the surface of the radioactive material in proximity to a detector sensitive to the emitted spectrum, most commonly, X-ray film or a charge coupled device.
100
AVASCULAR
Lacking in blood supply, e.g., tooth enamel.
101
AVULSION
The complete separation of a tooth from its alveolus. See also EVULSION.
102
AXIS
1. A real or imaginary straight line passing through the center of a body, such as the mandible. 2. "Long axis of a tooth," the central lengthwise line through the crown and the root. 3. A real or imaginary straight line around which a body may rotate.

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