BSC Physiology

Question 1

define homeostasis

Answer 1

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite changing conditions of the external environment

Question 2

what are the 5 regulated variable in the body?

Answer 2

1) [ ]s of nutrient molecules (glucose), O2 and CO2, and waste products (urea, creatine)
2) pH
3) Temp
4) blood volume and pressure
5) others- hormones, electrolytes, vitamins

Question 3

how do hormones control feedback

Answer 3

they produce physiological responses that later inhibit secretion

Question 4

why would homeostasis not occur

Answer 4

• organ/ organ system is being prevented from its job
• loss of negative feedback mechanisms
• organ/ organ systems reached their limits

Question 5

what are 2 examples of when feedback does not occur

Answer 5

1) plasma osmolality. Diabetes insipidus, neurogenic- decreases ADH from posterior pituitary and nephrogenic, kidneys sensitive to ADH
2) MAP. limited by how much HR &CC increase b/c then we die

Question 6

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to plasma osmolality

Answer 6

1) elevated PO > 285
2) osmoreceptors
3) hypothalamus synth and PP secretes ADH
4) kidney- retaining H20 increases, excreting H20 decreases

Question 7

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to blood glucose

Answer 7

1) decreased blood glucose <70
2) pancreas alpha cells detect change
3) alpha cells secrete glucagon
4) hepatocytes convert glycogen to glucose

Question 8

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to arterial pressure

Answer 8

1) decreased MAP <70
2) baroreceptors detect change in carotid arteries and aortic arch
3) brainstem activates SNS
4) increased heart rate and cardiac contractility, arteriolar vasoconstriction

Question 9

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to contractions

Answer 9

1) increased stretch on uterine walls
2) stretch receptors in uterine walls detect
3) hypothalamus synth and PP secretes oxytocin
4) myometrial contractions stimulated

Question 10

what are the 6 tools we use to see if a patient has moved from physiological to a pathological state

Answer 10

1) patient history and exam
2) blood tests and chemistry
3) urinalysis and other urine tests
4) radiology
5) histology/ cytology
6) miscellaneous

Question 11

what are the blood tests and chemistry that are used to assess pathology vs physiology

Answer 11

ABG, CBC, thyroid panel, CMP

Question 12

what radiology methods are used to assess pathology vs physiology

Answer 12

x-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound

Question 13

what are the histology methods used to assess pathology vs physiology

Answer 13

biopsy (fine needle and excisional) and pap smear

Question 14

what are the miscellaneous tools that are used to assess pathology vs physiology

Answer 14

ECG, stress test, PFTs

Question 15

what is a more complex feedback cycle and why is it more complex?

Answer 15

• low blood testosterone
• 3 different hormones, uses the endocrine axis
• multiple control centers and effectors

Question 16

describe the variable, sensor, control center, and effector related to blood testosterone

Answer 16

• low blood testosterone
• hypothalamus secretes GnRH
• GnRH stimulates AP to secrete LH
• LH stimulates testosterone production by leydig cells
• increased blood testosterone, GnRH and LH secretion decline

Question 17

who are the 2 major players of homeostasis

Answer 17

autonomic nervous system
endocrine system

Question 18

list the types of spinal nerves and the amount of each in order from cranial to caudal

Answer 18

cervical nerves- 8
thoracic nerves- 12
lumbar nerves- 5
sacral nerves- 5

Question 19

list the 12 brain and cranial nerves

Answer 19

1- fibers of olfactory nerve
2- optic
3- oculomotor
4- trochlear
5- trigeminal
6- abducens
7- facial
8- vestibulocochlear
9- glossopharyngeal
10- vagus
11- accessory
12- hypoglossal

Question 20

what are the different sections of a neuron

Answer 20

• cell body/ soma
• dendrites
• axon
• axon hillock
• axon terminal

Question 21

what is the pathway to the SNS and PNS

Answer 21

nervous systems -> central NS and peripheral nervous system* -> sensory and motor-> somatic and autonomic -> parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 22

what do the PNS and SNS do

Answer 22

PNS- conserve energy, rest and digest, feed and breed
SNS- mobilize body for activity, fight or flight, stress

Question 23

what are the two types of neurotransmitters? list if there are subtypes of each

Answer 23

cholinergic and adrenergic, cholinergic has muscarinic and nicotinic

Question 24

what are the MAIN parasympathetic actions for the eyes, parotid gland, heart, lungs, stomach/ intestines, and bladder
what is the neurotransmitter that attaches at the preganglionic end?

Answer 24

• pupil constriction, increased salivation, decreased HR and contractility, bronchoconstriction, increase all digestive activities, and increase urination
  -Ach

Question 25

what are the MAIN sympathetic actions for the eyes, parotid gland, heart, lungs, stomach/ intestines, and bladder what is the neurotransmitter that attaches at the postganglionic end?

Answer 25

- pupil dilation, decreased salivation, increased HR and contractility, bronchodilation, decrease digestive activities, decrease urination - ALL NE - eyes alpha 1 - heart beta1 - lungs beta 2 - parotid alpha1B1B2 - stomach/int. alpha1, B1, B2 - bladder alpha 1, B1, B2

Question 26

why would vision loss or damage to the optic nerve occur

Answer 26

pressure is too high on anterior chamber

Question 27

which are the classic endocrine glands

Answer 27

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas (islets of langerhaans), gonads (testes and ovaries), and placenta

Question 28

what are the side job endocrine glands

Answer 28

brain, heart, liver, GI tract, kidneys, adipose tissue

Question 29

what are the functions of homeostasis within the endocrine glands?

Answer 29

- maintains homeostasis - cope w stress - regulate cell metabolism and energy - mood, growth, development, and reproduction regulation

Question 30

what is the classic model for the endocrine system

Answer 30

messengers are synth. and secreted by endocrine glands -> travel by blood -> bind to receptor on target tissue

Question 31

what are details to note on the endocrine model

Answer 31

- messengers are secreted in small quantities, can be paracrine or autocrine - travelling thru blood may be with a hormone binding protein - binding to receptor is specific and has high affinity, in cytoplasm or nuclei

Question 32

how are endocrine messengers dealt with after use

Answer 32

- degraded by enzymes in target tissues, blood, kidneys, or liver - metabolites excreted via urine/ bile

Question 33

what are the 3 types of hormones?

Answer 33

1) peptidic- non steroid 2) AA derivatives/ tyrosine derivatives or biogenic amines- non steroid 3) steroid hormones

Question 34

what are the characteristics of peptidic hormones

Answer 34

lipophobic and hydrophilic, no plasma protein carrier needed

Question 35

what are the characteristics of AA derivative hormones? examples?

Answer 35

can show similarities to peptidic or steroids depending ex: epinephrine and NE- lipophobic and hydrophilic ex: thyroid, lipophilic and hydrophobic

Question 36

what are characteristics of steroid hormones

Answer 36

lipids derived from cholesterol, differentiate by side chain - lipophilic and hydrophobic, carried by plasma protein (albumin/ globulin, which can be specific)

Question 36

what are 3 important features of hormone receptors

Answer 36

1) cells only respond to hormones they have receptors for 2) can be down or up regulated 3) can be manipulated pharmalogically w/ hormone agonists/ antagonists

Question 36

how do you assess how to give hormones? what are examples of hormones?

Answer 36

by chemical nature of hormone - birth control, levothyroxine, insulin, desmopressin (synth ADH, nasal spray), can be intranasally, subcutaneously or orally

Question 37

where does endocrine disease most commonly develop? describe each

Answer 37

- develops on front and back ends - front end: endocrine itself, can be hypo/ hyper secretion (ex: thyroidism and type I diabetes) - back end: insensitive/ resistant receptors/ tissue (ex: type II diabetes)

Question 38

what is the internal environment

Answer 38

inside body but outside cells, plasma and interstitial fluid = ECF