Budgeting, Management, & Leadership

Question 1

What is the effect of a sales tax on land development?

Answer 1

Retail near boundaries

Question 2

What is the effect of an income tax on land development?

Answer 2

Employment-intensive uses, such as office park development

Question 3

What is the effect of having no sales or income tax on land development?

Answer 3

Burdened by vacant land. Prioritize police’s that maximize property values

Question 4

Line-item budgeting

Answer 4

Traditional form of budgeting. Costs are categorized by department or administrative unit. Line-item budgets are easily managed, ideal for small agencies with modest resources, and readily understood by the general public.

Question 5

Program budgeting

Answer 5

Instead of being organized according to standard line items, program budgets are organized around specific programs. Although this model is easier for the staff working on specific programs to use, it is more difficult for citizens to understand.

Question 6

Planning-programming-budgeting-systems (PPBS)

Answer 6

An outgrowth of research undertaken by the defense industry after World War II, PPBS combines a program-budgeting model with short- and long-term planning targets, performance measurement, and a tracking system that identifies the critical path needed to reach organizational objectives.

Question 7

Performance budgeting

Answer 7

Takes program budgeting one step further by tying the budget to specific performance objectives for each program.

Question 8

Zero-based budget (ZBB)

Answer 8

Unlike traditional budgeting, zero-based budgeting starts at zero, justifying each individual expense for a reporting period. Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch, analyzing each granular need of the company, instead of incremental budgeting increases found in traditional budgeting.

Pros: encourages responsibility, focus on revenue generating activities.
Cons: higher time cost to create a budget from zero every year. Tends to reward short-term prospects over longer-term investments (like R&D)

Question 9

Participatory budgeting

Answer 9

Participatory budgeting (PB) is a democratic process in which community members decide how to spend part of a public budget. It gives people real power over real money.

Question 10

Vertical organization

Answer 10

Rely on traditional chains of command, the manager of each division reports to the next most senior manager. Lines of communication are clear, and the rules of interaction are precisely defined. This model is most often used when clear reporting relationships and a high degree of control are desired, as is often the case in large and functionally complex organizations.

Question 11

Horizontal organization

Answer 11

Characterized by less reliance on titles, fewer job titles in the classification scheme, greater flexibility, and more sharing of authority and responsibility. Small firms and nonprofit enterprises often choose this model because it encourages initiative, collaboration, and entrepreneurial behavior. In horizontal organizations, ad hoc teams—drawn from throughout the organization on the basis of skills rather than authority—are created to undertake specific projects.

Question 12

Matrix organization

Answer 12

Combine characteristics of both vertical and horizontal organizations, most staff members belong to a functional or disciplinary team, and also have responsibility for specific projects or outcomes that cut across departmental lines. While appealing in theory, matrix organizations are difficult to manage, and may not be effective for larger departments, agencies, or organizations.

Question 13

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Answer 13

Projects the net cash flow to the public sector resulting from new development, whether residential, commercial, industrial, or other. Allows local gov’t to evaluate relative fiscal merits of plans or projects.

May involve data from:
- Property tax rate
- Avg cost of educating a child
- Avg cost per sf of constructing a building
NOT involve looking at historic trends in assessed valuation.

Question 14

Economic Impact Analysis

Answer 14

Looks at cash flow to the private sector

Question 15

Smart Growth Criteria

Answer 15

1. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices;
2. Create walkable neighborhoods;
3. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration;
4. Foster distinctive, attractive places with a strong sense of place;
5. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective;
6. Mix land uses;
7. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas;
8. Provide a variety of transportation choices;
9. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities;
10. Take advantage of compact building design.

Question 16

Advisory Plebiscite

Answer 16

A Plebiscite is a direct vote on an issue.

Question 17

Beneficiary assessment

Answer 17

Used by the World Bank and other development organizations to make sure that project beneficiaries can provide insights on how a project will affect them, particularly the poor and those without political power.

Question 18

PERT

Answer 18

(Program Evaluation Review Technique) Same as a process flow chart like in Evans school. Used to evaluate process and see how to improve any key points to make it a faster system.