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CELS191 > Building Blocks of Cells > Flashcards

Building Blocks of Cells Flashcards

Lecture 3

1
Q

2 building blocks together form..

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

2 Macromolecules form..

A

Supramolecules/ Supramolecular Assemblies

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3
Q

How are most macromolecules formed?

A

They are formed by polymerisation of the building blocks joined together by chemically strong covalent bonds.

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4
Q

What are the organic biological molecules that are necessary for life?

A

Macromolecules

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5
Q

What are macromolecules composed of?

A

Thousands of atoms or more, which adds up to a large molecular mass

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6
Q

Amino acids form..

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Nucleobases form…

A

DNA and RNA

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8
Q

Simple carbohydrates form..

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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9
Q

What forms lipids?

A

Glycerol, fatty acids and hydrocarbon rings

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10
Q

Life is composed of mainly 4 of what macromolecules?

A
  • Polysaccharides
    -Nucleic acids
    -Protein
    -Lipids
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11
Q

Which three macromolecules are polymeric?

A

Polysaccharides, nucleic acids and protein

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12
Q

Which macromolecule is non polymeric?

A

Lipids

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13
Q

What are the four kinds of carbohydrates

A

-Monosaccharides
-Disaccharides
-Oligosaccharides
-Polysaccharides

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14
Q

Which carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates/sugars

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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15
Q

Which carbohydrates are complex carbohydrates

A

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

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16
Q

What is the basis behind the names of the carbohydrates?

A

It depends on how many building blocks are used to make them up

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17
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

The single unit blocks of carbohydrates

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18
Q

What are the two kinds of monosaccharides

A

Hexose monosaccharides and pentose monosaccharides

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19
Q

What are hexose monosaccharides

A

They are the building blocks of higher order carbohydrates

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20
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides

A

They are usually part of larger molecules like nucleic acid

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21
Q

What is the difference between hexose and pentose monosaccharides?

A

In DNA, the pentose monosaccharides have hydrogen on the second carbon, while there is a hydroxyl group attached in the second carbon of the RNA.

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22
Q

What monosaccharides form part of information molecules like DNA

A

Pentose monosaccharides

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23
Q

What are dissacharides

A

Two monosaccharides joined together

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24
Q

What are oligosaccharides

A

They are several monosaccharides linked together, with 3 to approximately 10 monosaccharides linked together

25
What are polysaccharides
Made out of glucose monomers and have a lot of function of cells
26
What is starch
A type of complex carbohydrate found in plants and is made up of amylose and amylopectin.
27
What is amylose
A long chain of glucose molecules that are linked together
28
What is amylopectin
Amylopectin is a long chain of glucose molecules, but is a more branched structure compared to amylose.
29
Plant carbohydrates
Starch and Cellulose
30
What is glycogen
The complex carbohydrate that we store in our body. It is similar to the amylopectin part of starch, just more compact and has more branches
31
Animal carbohydrate
Glycogen
32
What is cellulose
A plant carbohydrate that has a lot of polymers or lines of glucose polymers stacked on top of each other.
33
Three functions of carbohydrates
Recognition, Energy and Structure
34
Carbohydrate function: Recognition
Some carbohydrates found on the cell membrane will either recognise pathogens such as bacteria or viruses, others will involve immune responses and antibodies/other proteins, and cell recognition is also important.
35
Carbohydrate function: Energy
Carbohydrates are energy molecules. When we eat and digest these carbohydrates, we chop each individual glucose molecule off into smaller pieces and the mitochondria will use that to generate energy. Same thing happens with the glycogen.
36
Carbohydrate function: Structure
Cellulose has a structural function in the plant cell wall.
37
Why can't we use cellulose as an energy source
because we do not have the enzymes to break down the glucose monomers found in the cellulose. The kind of chemical bonds between the glucose monomers making up cellulose and the glucose monomers making up starch are very different.
38
What are the building blocks of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
39
What are the three components of nucleotides
Phosphate group, ribose sugar and a base group
40
What two DNA bases have a two ring structure referred to as Purine
Adenine and Guanine
41
What is the two ring structure called in DNA bases
Purine
42
What bases have a one ring structure
Cyotsine and thymine
43
What is the one ring structure for bases called?
Pyrimidine
44
What is the difference between RNA and DNA bases?
Instead of thymine, RNA has the uracil base.
45
What are polynucleotides
A polynucleotide is a combination of nucleotide monomers which are connected to each other through covalent bonds.
46
What is the difference between the RNA and DNA structure
The RNA polymer is one long chain like a spiral where the bases point towards the middle and the middle part is the sugar phosphate backbone. The DNA has two sugar phosphate backbones and bases pointing towards the middle, but it has two strands twisted around each other, called the DNA helix.
47
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
48
How many standard amino acids are there
20
49
What is the basic structure of all amino acids
An amino group attached to a carbon and on the end is a carboxyl group
50
What is the function of proteins
Proteins are the workers of the cell and are action molecules.
51
How do we classify steroid hormones
By hydrophobicity
52
Are lipids polymers
No
53
Are lipids macromolecules
Yes
54
What are the three functions of lipids?
Structural, Regulatory and Energy
55
Function of lipids: energy
Some lipids will act as an energy molecule, also referred to as fat molecules or triacylglycerol
56
What are phospholipids
They are membrane that make up major lipids. It has. big polar head region and two long fatty acid chains attached to it. They make up cell membranes.
57
Functions of lipids: Regulatory
Lipids help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat
58
Functions of lipids: Structural
Many lipids provide a structural role or provide a structural support in some way.

CELS191 (9 decks)

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