Building Construction Flashcards

Question

Fire load

Answer 1

Fire load is the total quantity of combustible material in a compartment

Answer 2

Combustibility Thermo conductivity Chemical composition Density Dimensions Fire resistance indicates the ability of a structural assembly to maintain its load bearing capacity and structural integrity under fire conditions

Answer 3

The most common method used to determine fire resistant

Answer 4

failure to support in applied Load Temperature increase on the unexposed side of a wall for roof assembly Of 250ﾟ Above ambient temperature Passage of heat or flame through this sembly sufficient to ignite cotton waste Access temperature on steel numbers

Answer 5

15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour and a 1 1/2 hours 3 hours 4 hours the number is rounded down to the nearest interval

Answer 6

Only standardized test method currently universally accepted by building codes The standard task evaluates the ability of structural assemblies to carry a structural load in to act as A fire barrier

Answer 7

The forces within a structural support system that resist applied loads are referred to as

Answer 8

Is the most common load imposed on a structure via the weight of the structure's components contents in any occupancy activity

Answer 9

Tension- pulls the material apart Compression- Squeezes the material Shear- Slides one plane of a material pass in adjacent plane Example concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength

Answer 10

Axial load Eccentric load Torsional load Failure due to stress may include visible indicators such as cracking, crumbling, bending ,and breaking

Answer 11

Static loads are steady or are applied gradually

Answer 12

Involve motion in are capable of delivering energy greatly in excess of the weight of the object involved

Answer 13

This Load may be dynamic as water flow or static as accumulated water. Example stream discharge in 250 gallons per minute can impact a target with 2080 pounds of water per minute

Answer 14

In high rise buildings accumulated water DE watering operations will be necessary because water at a depth of 3" adds a static load of 21 pounds per square foot

Answer 15

Direct Pressure straight line winds apply force to a surface Drag Negative -pressure when may produce a suction effect on the downward side of the building resulting in outward pressure Rocking Vibration Clean off- When may dislodge or move objects from a building surface

Answer 16

When designing buildings to withstand when forces direct pressure is used as the primary consideration

Answer 17

As tectonic plates along a fault line or zone move or slip they produce vibrations 50 year period a typical expected lifespan of a building

Answer 18

Lateral loads that create horizontal motion are the most significant force generated by an earthquake Torsional loads are applied to a Structural member that is twisted by seismic motion Resonantis seismic waves affect some buildings differently than others due to the resonate of the earthquake and each building's features

Answer 19

Expansion joints Dampening mechanisms Base isolation

Answer 20

Absorbs resonant energy For as the structure begins to move they are typically installed at the connections between columns and beams

Answer 21

Isolates the building from the horizontal movement of the Earth's surface Shear systems - elastomeric bearings placed in a layer between the building in the foundation the bearings change the fundamental resonance of the building. Sliding systems- Special plates that slide on each other to isolate the building from horizontal shear force this system is a less common method of building isolation

Answer 22

Sheer walls in cross bracing for effective against ground motions with a relatively long slow vibrational. Redundant structural members support the entire system making collapse less likely to occur

Answer 23

So I'll exerts a lateral load pressure against a foundation this load must be evaluated in the design process

Answer 24

A bean is a structural member that carries loads perpendicular to its longitudinal dimension

Answer 25

Simply supported beams supported beneath both ends and free to rotate Restrained beams- Rigidly supported at each end under fire conditions a rigidly supported beam may retain its load bearing ability longer than a simply supported beam because the end restraints provide more resistance to the applied stresses Cantalever beans supported at 1 end Overhanging beams Continuous beams may have several vertical supports the whole length

Answer 26

The top Flange of the beam carries compressive stresses The bottom flange of the beam carries tensile stresses

Answer 27

Are structural members designed to support in axial load The stresses created within D column is primarily compressive Tall thin columns field by buckling short squat Columns Fail by crushing

Answer 28

Curved structural member with primarily compressive interior stresses R choose are used to carry loads across a distance

Answer 29

R freyne structural units made up of group of triangles in one plane the top and bottom members of a truss are called chords

Answer 30

Our 3 dimensional trust structures they offer the advantage of to dimension trusses and terms of economic use of material

Answer 31

Low barren walls are commonly placed at the exterior of a structure but they may also include internal walls load bearing walls carry compressive loads and provide lateral support to the structure along the length of the wall

Answer 32

Characterize by columns and beams reinforced to transmit the bending stress through the joint Rigid frame buildings are often single story in height with a gabled roof

Answer 33

Building codes typically a dress membrane structures with a life of a 180 days or more while fire codes addressed those used for less than 180 days

Answer 34

Fabric weighs less than other roof systems about 2 pounds per square foot Membrane structures can be erected in less time Fabrics can flex and absorb some of the stresses caused by seismic and wind forces

Answer 35

Are often constructed with concrete in regular geometric shapes such as cones domes barrel vaults and folded plates Most commonly constructed of concrete

Answer 36

Stairs that are not part of the means of I grass typically they are stairs that are open and connect only 2 levels per cold limitations

Answer 37

Street run stairs extend in one direction for their entire length

Answer 38

Have an intermediate landing between floors and reverse direction at that point This type of steer design is common in modern construction

Answer 39

Are 2 separate sets of stairs constructed in a common shaft The modern design arrangement for scissor stairs allows for in grass and negress that each floor landing this feature is used to provide additional exit capacity

Answer 40

Only serving 2 levels The minimum with of the run is usually 10" The small radius of the full circle is greater than or = twice the widest part of the stair tread

Answer 41

Consist of a series of steps spiraling around a single column to fit in a very small space Sparrow stairs are allowed as part of the means of egress only within residences

Answer 42

They are actually latter's used to provide access to an attic space that does not have a perminent access stair Firefighter should be aware that Springs in folding stairs lose tension rapidly when exposed to heat in the stair assembly may swing down into the structure during fire it can also provide a vertical path for fire and smoke spread

Answer 43

Building codes require a minimum of one smoke proofs their enclosure for stares serve and buildings 5 stories or higher Protection for stairs serving floor levels more than 30' below the level of exit discharge also requires protection

Answer 44

Active fire protection- uses moving mechanical or electric parts that work as a system in require a power source for operation Building systems may include automatic sprinkler systems or fire alarms Passive fire protection- Does not require any system activate tion or movement pacifier protection relies on building construction and materials to contain fire or products of combustion examples fire walls or stair enclosures

Answer 45

Building codes typically allow the use of open stairs and buildings only when they connect no more than 2 adjacent floors above the basement level

Answer 46

Compare systems penetrate fire barriers they're protected by fire doors shutters water spray fire suppression systems Incomplete door or shudder closure is a primary safety hazard at a conveyor penetration doing a fire Safeguards against that automatic stop controls breaks in the conveyor multiple layers of doors are shutters

Answer 47

Escalator speeds are standardize at a 100' per minute older escalated usually operate at speeds of either 90 or a 120' per minute Vertical penetrations for escalators serving more than 2 floors must be protected the most common protection is to use closely spaced sprinklers and draft stops around the opening

Answer 48

Combine these 2 features may be arranged as an 18" deep draught stop with a row of automatic sprinklers on all sides outside the draft stop

Answer 49

Search 2 or more a levels or landings Enclose hoisting and lowering mechanisms Provides access to above or below grade stories Uses a car or platform that moves along guide rails

Answer 50

Passenger elevators Freight elevators Service elevators 2 most common types of power used in elevators are hydraulic and electric

Answer 51

Uses hydraulic fluid to raise and lower the car The upper limit for the hydraulic elevator is 6 stories

Answer 52

Drum elevators are obsolete only in older buildings Traction elevators are the most common type of elevator and buildings over 6 tours traction elevators are fast and do not have the height limitations of either hydraulic or drum type elevator Power supply is 500 Volts

Answer 53

Single, multiple, blind Elevator Hoist ways Are required to be fire rated as assembly with a 1 or 2 hour rating Codes require venting at the top of the hoistways For more elevators must have a minimum of 2 separate hoist ways

Answer 54

Are used for express elevators that served the upper elevator zones in a tall building In a single car voice way is use access doors will be provided for rescue purposes generally these are spaced every 3 floors

Answer 55

Sprinklers are required at the top of the shute and in its termination room

Answer 56

Duck detectors are typically provided for fins with a capacities exceeding 2000 ft³ per minute To stop these systems under fire conditions and minimize unwanted smoke movement

Answer 57

The force air system in a multi story building often includes vertical ducts and a mechanical Room with a few minor exceptions the codes require the HVac ducts to be enclosed in a fire rated shaft and closure of one hour rating for buildings less than 4 stories in height and 2 hr rating for buildings 4 stories are greater

Answer 58

When a system has both automatic in manual keep ability the manual operation shall take priority over the automatic control

Answer 59

Draft curtains may be used in conjunction with smoke vents to increase their effectiveness The depth of a curtain board will vary but should not be less than 20% of the ceiling height curtain board should be space so that they are not farther apart than 8 times the ceiling height

Answer 60

Single injection system uses a fan to supply air to us they're well at a single point Multiple injection systems you several discharge points along and air so supply shaft running parallel to the stairway from that supply fan

Answer 61

High voltage is defined as 600 V or high or low voltage equipment operates at less than 600 V

Answer 62

Convert high voltage electricity from the electric utility service to an appropriate voltage for building systems

Answer 63

Air cooled- Called dry Transformers used the surrounding air to cool the unit through fins Oil cooled- Boyle film Transformers contained oil to conduct heat away from the core in also to electrically insulate internal components from our arcing

Answer 64

When Transformers are inside codes required that the transformer rooms or vaults being closed in 3 hour rated construction if not protected by automatic sprinklers or one hour rated construction with sprinklers

Answer 65

Operational requirements for hospitals and other critical facilities may be up to 48 hours or longer Few storage should be located separately exception is a dating located in the same Room or mounted directly on the generator fire codes typically limit the tank to 60 gallons for diesel fuel

Answer 66

Includes the materials used for the expose face of the walls and ceilings of a building Plaster, gypsum, wallboard, wood paneling, ceiling tiles, plastic, fiber board, wallcoverings

Answer 67

Do not exceed 10% of the wall and ceiling area Distributed through the space Do not constitute a large continuous surface

Answer 68

Flame spread over a specific material can be measured and predicted in degrees By evaluating composition thickness, ventilation, shape and size of a compartment, finish material on the ceiling or wall Most significant factor that determines a fuels burn rate is the combination of the fuel and the available oxygen

Answer 69

Building called usually exclude reference to surface treatments such as paint and wallpaper that are no thicker than 1/28th of an inch

Answer 70

Intumescent coating Mastix Gas forming paints Cementituous and mineral fiber coatings Intumescent paints expand upon exposure to heat and create a thick puffy coating that insulates the wood surface from heat and excludes oxygen Mastic- Form a thick non combustible coating over the surface of the wood

Answer 71

Code officials do not accept fire return it treatments for perminent applications Reasons coatings must be applied to specific rate of square feet per gallon and may require more than one coat Only protects the coated surface not the untreated backside A material to be fire retardant must be tested and listed for use in a fire resistive assembly

Answer 72

Asthma e-84 uses the STEINER TUNNEL Consists of a horizontal test furnace 25' long 17.5" wide and 12" high and a 5000 BTU flame is produced in the tunnel

Answer 73

Interior finishes are tested to derive several measures of a materials flammability including the flames spread rating in the smoke developed rating The higher the flame spread rating the more rapidly flame will spread Flame spread ratings over 200 are not permitted in occupancies

Answer 74

Worth the flame spread rating developed in the ASTM E84 test does not apply to floor coverings When carpet is use as for a floor or ceiling finish the carpet must meet the same plane spread criteria as other wall and ceiling finishes

Answer 75

The smoke developed rating is a measure of the relative visual obscurity in an area because of the smoke generated by a burning material Red oak is used as a standard testing material is a sign I smoke develop reading of 100 under test conditions of material with a smoke developed rating of 200 produces smoke that is twice as visually obscuring as red oak codes do not allow a combination of materials that exceed a maximum smoke developed rating of 450

Answer 76

The large variety of combinations of products used in most occupants ys will not limit the exact match between test results in conditions in these occupancy Test results should be use as benchmarks not guaranteed outcomes

Answer 77

Must have sufficient fire resistance and structural stability to serve as an absolute barrier to eat fire and structural collapse on either side of the wall

Answer 78

Are self supporting with respect to Eve word acle load Freestanding fire walls are usually found in buildings of type 3 or 4 construction Freestanding walls must be designed to resist a lateral load of a least 5 pounds per square foot

Answer 79

Fire walls must extend beyond walls and roofs to prevent the radiant heat of flames on one side of the fire wall arming igniting adjacent surfaces continue into wall through the roof with a Parapet wall is sufficient separation Parapet height above a combustible roof varies from 18 to 36"

Answer 80

ICC allows fire walls with fire resistant radiance of 2, 3, 4 hours depending on occupancy Historically fire walls were required to have 4 hours fire resistance

Answer 81

interior walls that do not qualify as fire walls but are used to subdivide a floor or area of a building fire petitions are not required to extend continuously through a building usually erected from a floor to the underside of the floor above For example partition wall and close in in exit corridor may have won our fire rating that can be reduced when sprinkler systems is in stalled

Answer 82

The purpose of enclosure walls is to block the vertical spread of fire through a building's openings Stairwells, stairwell exit passage ways, elevator shafts, pipe cheeses

Answer 83

Gypsum board with steel or wood studs Lath and plaster Concrete block Hello clay Tile enclosure walls

Answer 84

A style of wall designed to separate the interior environment from the exterior environment Curtain walls are often non load bearing 9 fire resist of curtain walls frequently extend from the floor to the ceiling of one level

Answer 85

Fire doors are rated in increments of time from 20 minutes to 4 hours the 1/2 hr and 1/3 doors a primarily used in smoke barriers in openings to corridors

Answer 86

Class a openings in fire wall Class B openings in vertical shafts in openings into our raid it partitions Class C openings between Rome's in corridors having a fire resistance of one hour or less Class D openings in exterior walls subject to severe fire exposure from the outside of a building Class E openings in exterior walls subject to moderate or light exposure from the outside

Answer 87

Codes require 3 or 4 hour read it doors in fire walls of greater than 2 hour rating Doors rated at 1.5 hours are normally required for 2 hour read it vertical enclosures One our doors are used for 1 hour vertical shaft enclosures and exit enclosures

Answer 88

Rolling overhead door For closes under the force of gravity when a fusible link melts or a smoke detector releases the hold open device Horizontal sliding doors are often found in older industrial buildings these doors are usually held open with the fusible link when the link is activated the door slides into position along the track either by gravity or by a force of a counterweight

Answer 89

Swinging fire doors commonly protects stairwell enclosures in corridors swinging fire doors are available with ratings from 20 minutes to 3 hours Special fire doors Include horizontally sliding accordion or folding doors Uses a motor and needs power Horizontal sliding accordion doors are used where a fire rated partition is required

Answer 90

Fire doors are the most time in application of fire read it glazing doors with ratings up to 3 hours can be equipped with glazing N FPA 80 requires the each piece of glazing installed in a fire door include a listing mark that remains visible after installation

Answer 91

Fire doors with the reading of 1 to 3 hours can have glass panels up to 100 in² in area per door fire ratings of point 3/4 hour can have a total glass area consistent with their listing

Answer 92

Criteria for doors is that they must remain securely in its frame during the flame test. Some warping permitted Intermitted passage of flames is permitted after the 1st 30 minutes of the test 2nd criteria door must remain in place when subjected to a whole stream immediately following the fire test. This part not tested on 1/3 rated doors

Answer 93

Door type, hourly rating, identifying symbol of the testing laboratory Marked with a label or plate on the top or on the hinge side of the door

Answer 94

For 2 strategies used to it assess soil our test pits and test borings Test pits may reach a depth up to 8 ft the strata layers of the soil to be observed in measured Test borings or use when a test pit may not reach deep enough it provides information on bearing capacity of the soil and the water table

Answer 95

The weight of one story of soil can equal 5 to 8 stories of a building dependent on the density of the soil and the construction features of the building

Answer 96

Piles are driven into the ground and support a load by transferring the load either through friction with their surrounding soil or through contact with rock or other stable soil Layer Piers- Post in pier foundations are a system of upright post mounted to wed she concrete piers that chance for the weight of the structure to the ground

Answer 97

Concrete in masonary brick or concrete block secured with mortar are the materials most commonly used for a foundation walls

Answer 98

Settlement -downward movement Heaving - outward movement Lateral displacement- Outward movement of

Answer 99

Distorted building frame Sloped floors Cracked walls and glass Improperly working doors and windows Damage building utilities and systems

Answer 100

Shoring is frequently necessary to support the structure until underpinning can be put into place Shoring is refers to temporary supports Underpinning refers to perminent supports Underpinning may be necessary if there is excessive settlement, increased load on a foundation, excavation on adjacent property, erosion of soul from under or around the foundation

Answer 101

Defects in Wood have a greatly reduce this comparison so the standard tensile strength of wood is considered about 700 psi Structural lumber has 19% or less moisture is expressed in terms of specific gravity

Answer 102

The butt joint is easy to produce but can not be used where tensile stresses will be transmitted Scarf and finger joints can be used to transmit tensile stresses

Answer 103

Research indicates that the heat of a fire has no effect on the adhesives that are used in contemporary glue Lam beams GluLam beams are used frequently and heavy timber construction where greater length components are required

Answer 104

Is the strongest of the 3 seo products and can be used for a heavily loaded columns and will and long Spans

Answer 105

Composite lumber is would like product made from wood fiber and polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride ride PVC developed as an alternative to PT lumber It is a combustible product with a flame spread rating of 80 Will melt like plastic

Answer 106

The usual requirement is for the attic space to be subdivided into areas of 3000 ft²

Answer 107

Veneer must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of 16" Under fire conditions the external layer of brick or stone veneer build and protects the wood frame from external exposure veneer adds little structural support

Answer 108

Materials with low Ignition temperatures are easier to ignite the materials with high Ignition temperatures Pyrolysis Thermal decomposition of wood begins at a temperature of 392ﾟ

Answer 109

Density of the wood Size in form of the wood Moisture content Rate of heating Nature of the heating source Air supply

Answer 110

Pyrolysis and Ignition can occur at lower than normally required if the wood is subjected to a temperature higher than ambient but lower than Ignition temperature

Answer 111

The heat of combustion of a fuel is the total amount of thermal energy that can be released if the fuel is completely burned It is measured in British thermal units BTU

Answer 112

2 methods of fire retardant treatments are surface coating- Reduces flame spread Pressure impregnation- A first the whole component Permanent

Answer 113

Water soluble chemicals are not approved Compliance with approved usage cannot be proven after application A test question Fire retardant treatment reduces wood strength

Answer 114

Combination of inorganic or organic salts Ammonium phosphate , ammonium sulfate, boric acid zinc chloride ,sodium dichromate, borax

Answer 115

The ability of a substance to absorb moisture from the air When exposed to elevated temperatures plywood can absorb moisture and become brittle and crumbly

Answer 116

Fire resistance roof covering to Protect against In embers Exterior wall that is either non combustible or has a one hour fire resistant rating Limitations on size of attic and under floor vents

Answer 117

Platform framing is more prone to shrinkage then balloon frame and because platform frame and makes use of more horizontal members in its frame then a balloon frame building Creating vertical movement Kiln dried lumber minimize is affect

Answer 118

Trusses or beams can use be used as roof supports Exterior walls are non load bearing panels with exterior siding A test question Internal support columns are not less than 8 by 8" and the beams (except roof beams )are not less then 6 by 10"

Answer 119

Has thicker dimensions Does not allow combustible concealed spaces

Answer 120

Primary safety limitation is the possibility of swift collapse under fire conditions especially if void species are not protected by a non combustible covering or sprinkler system

Answer 121

The benefit of masonary components is their durability and resistance to whether fire and insects The drawback to masonary construction is long term deterioration of mortar joints in the labor intensiveness of laying individual units by hand

Answer 122

Placing clay and moles Slice bricks to desired size Kiln Dried at temperatures of 2400ﾟF the process takes 40 to a 150 hrs

Answer 123

The most common is 8 by 8 by 16 Block

Answer 124

The most common is 8 by 8 by 16 Block

Answer 125

The mortar joints are often the week is part of the wall Compressive strengths ranging from 75PSI to 2500 psi

Answer 126

A wall the has not been undermined or weaken is usually the last structure to fail in a wood joisted building Fire rated concrete units can have a fire resistance of 2 to 4 hours or more

Answer 127

The weight that a wall can support will depend on the with of the wall and whether it is reinforced or non reinforced

Answer 128

Test question Masonary can be used for non load bearing curtain walls or partitions jipson block in lightweight concrete block are limited to use in non load bearing partition walls

Answer 129

In a ordinary non reinforce load bearing wall the strength instability of the wall are derived from the weight of the masonary in horizontal bonding of each wythe of wall to other wall components

Answer 130

Was that provide structural support from multi story buildings must be greater in thickness because masonary units in the lower portions of a wall must support the dead load weight of the upper portions of the wall

Answer 131

Non-reinforced masonary walls are usually limited to a maximum height of 6 stories

Answer 132

Test question Masonary units are laid side-by-side in a horizontal layer known as a course A stretcher course has bricks Placed end to end A soldier course has bricks place vertically on end A header course has bricks placed with the ends facing out

Answer 133

Masonary wall that is reinforced with steel can have a reduced thickness Walls can be constructed to a height of 10 stories or more with a wall thickness of only 12" when using reinforce masonary

Answer 134

Lintels- Are the most common method of supporting loads over openings in masonary walls Corbelling is used to improve that aesthetics of an arch

Answer 135

Extension of a masonary or steel wall the projects above the roof 1' or more

Answer 136

Test question Collapse zones are typically 1.5 times the height of the building all around the building's perimeter

Answer 137

Common structural steel has less than 3/10 of 1% carbon Cast iron has a carbon content of 3 to 4% The higher carbon content of cast iron makes the material hard but brittle

Answer 138

The following elements add it to still will altered the composition of the material contribute increase specific attributions Molybdenum- strength VANADIUM- STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS MANGANESE - RESISTANCE OF STEEL TO ABRASIONS

Answer 139

The lower the carbon content of steel results in a material that is duck tile that means it can be shaped by rolling when heated to 2200ﾟF

Answer 140

An unrestrained steel beam 20' long can expand 1.4" pushing at lateral constraints The deterioration of steel strength at elevated temperatures is the characteristic most significant to the fire service

Answer 141

In older buildings the steel framework was encased in brick or ordinary concrete a steel column and cased in 3" of concrete with a salacious aggregate would have a fire resistance of 4 hours

Answer 142

Are efficient and and in expensive The most commonly use SFR m's are mineral fiber or expanded aggregate coding such as vermiculate perlite

Answer 143

The applied fireproofing can vary from 7/8 of an inch to 1 7/8 of an inch to produce a fire resist of rating of 1 to 4 hours

Answer 144

Gypsum Includes approximately 20% in trapped water the water content enhances Gibson's performance as a fire insulating material The water turns to steam upon exposure to fire and then doing so absorbs the heat the process is known as calcination Gypsum can be used to protect both columns and beams providing fire resistant ratings from 1 to 4 hours

Answer 145

When heated the material will expand to 15 to 30 times its original size It is applied as pain they haven't applied thickness of point .03 to.4" which is less than the thickness of the spray applied materials

Answer 146

Protects a steel floor or roof assembly the most common method is to use mineral tiles and a steel framework suspended by wires The seal in materials act as a thermal barrier to protect the steel that supports the floor or ceiling above This will give a floor a fire rating of 1 to 3 hours

Answer 147

Slenderness ratio compares the unbraced length of a column to the shape in area of its cross-section the higher the numerical value of the slenderness ratio the more likely it is that buckling will occur and general columns used for structural support and buildings should not have a slenderness ratio greater than 120

Answer 148

The slenderness ratio Is modified by the manner in which that ends are attached to the rest of the structure Columns that are erected so they can not rotate at their ends have fewer tendencies to buckle then columns that are free to rotate

Answer 149

Open Web joist A common floor design in steel frame buildings uses lightweight concrete with the minimum thickness of 2" supported by corrugated steel decking

Answer 150

The steel joist are produced with depths of 6 to 12" and can be space 16 to 48" apart dependent on the span and the load to be supported

Answer 151

Fire resistance ratings may be eliminated for Roof construction located more than 20' above the floor below for some occupancy Allowance is also made for reduction in fire resistance when in automatic sprinkler system is Present

Answer 152

Test question Steel connections both in the case of rigid connections used with beam in garter frames and heavy trusses frequently use a steel Web known as a gusset plate The primary purpose of a gusset plate is to strengthen the connection and increase the steel mass at the connection decreasing the possibility of failure

Answer 153

Shale or clinker- Reduce the density of the concrete Superplasticizer- Produce a mixture that flows more freely Coloring- Add it for aesthetic or safety reasons such as indicating Buried electrical cables

Answer 154

Concrete is strong in compression but weaker in tension. Rebar wire mash is added to overcome the tension

Answer 155

2 common methods of pre stressing concrete are pretensioning and post tensioning

Answer 156

Uses steel strands cables stretched between anchors producing a tensile force in the steel Concrete is then placed around the steel strands in allowed to harden

Answer 157

Uses reinforcing steel cables that are not tensioned until after the concrete is hard and to a certain strength the forces that are produced in the post tension eing process remained locked in the steel for the life of the assembly

Answer 158

The systems using reinforcing cables in rods made of high strength steel that can yield at a temperature is low as 752ﾟF Pre stressed concrete systems may be more vulnerable to failure than ordinary reinforce concrete

Answer 159

The single most important factor in determining the ultimate strength of concrete is the water to cement ratio

Answer 160

Is it chemical process known as hydration in which water combines with the particles of cement to form a Microscopic gel Cures after 28 days

Answer 161

In the process of curing concrete must be maintained at the correct temperature of 50ﾟ and 70ﾟ

Answer 162

Purpose of this test is to check the moisture content of a batch of concrete as indicated by the mount that the concrete's saddles slumps after it is removed from the test mold

Answer 163

Has a rating of 1 to 4 hours Fire resistance is affecting by density, thickness, quality, supported load, depth of concrete cover over the reinforcing bars

Answer 164

Slap in being concrete frame and features concrete beams run and in 2 directions is known as a 2 way slab construction Waffle construction is use where spans are short and floor loadings are high this design provides a thicker slab while eliminating the weight of unnecessary Crane Creek in the bottom half of the slab

Answer 165

Salad slabs are used for short spins a to approximately 30' T slabs can be used for spans up to 120'

Answer 166

Is a common form of construction used with precast concrete This dollar construction requires that the roof assembly maintain structural integrity value of the roof can result in failure of the wall from outward horizontal forces

Answer 167

The most commonly size used is # 5 ( 0.625 inches)

Answer 168

Are cast in the shape of tee. The wider area at the top of the T permits the concrete to support a greater load. Stirrips- are Vertical reinforcing Bars that resist diagonal tension

Answer 169

Test question Many Types of roof construction have concealed spaces between the ceiling and the roof deck making it difficult to determine the extent to which a fire has developed overhead

Answer 170

The pitch of a roof represents a major hazard to firefighters because the steepness of the roof results and the lack of secure footing Low slope roofs 3/12 Med slope 4/12 to 12/12 which is a 45 degree angle Churches or mansions can have 18/12 or greater too steep for FF

Answer 171

Test question Gable roof- Consists of 2 inclined surfaces that meet at their high side to form a ridge HIP ROOF- Slopes in 4 directions and has a degree of slope similar to the Gable roof. GAMBREL ROOF- slope in 2 directions but there will be a break in the slope on each side. The space under a gambrel roof can be used as an attic or living space. MANSARD ROOF- Has a break in the slope of the roof on all 4 sides BUTTERFLY - Roof style that slopes in 2 directions to shed roofs that meet at their low point Center MONITOR ROOF- Provides light and ventilation a race central section of the roof extends several feet above the surrounding roof surface Make a cupola. SAWTOOTH ROOF- Commonly used in industrial buildings for light and ventilation vertical sections facing the North more constant daylight

Answer 172

Curved roofs are most frequently supported by arches in bowstring trusses

Answer 173

Use incline members to support some types of pitch roofs that are built on site utilizing dimensional lumber

Answer 174

Becoming trust is a range with all of the chords in diag'nal members in the same plane

Answer 175

FINK and PRATT trusses are the most common types used for pitched roofs

Answer 176

The corrugated steel range from 29 gauge the thinness to 12 gauge the thickness the overall depth is from 3/4 of an inch to 2"

Answer 177

Expansion and contraction from rooftop temperatures that can range from over a 100ﾟF in this summer in the low 0ﾟ in the Winter must resist

Answer 178

The where course protects the roof from mechanical abrasion built up reus that use gravel as a where course are commonly known as tar and gravel roofs it also increases the resistance of the roof to spread fire from adjacent buildings

Answer 179

1/16th of an inch to 1 1/2 inches life expectancy of a 150 years weighing 8 to 36 pounds per square foot

Answer 180

Class a roof coverings are effective against severe fire exposure Class B ru coverings are effective against a moderate fire exposure Classy roof coverings are effective against a light fire exposure

Answer 181

Create a dead load on the roof dependent on the depth of the soil the dead load can vary from 20lb per square foot to a 150 pounds per square foot

Answer 182

Materials used for skylights can only be plastic wired glass or tempered glass

Answer 183

Model building codes required 2 or 3 hour fire resistance for the structural frame of a high rise building Dependent on the number of stories in occupancy ,2 hr fire resistance for floor construction

Answer 184

Typically a fire command center is located on the 1st floor or level of fire department access The Room has a minimum one hour Fire separation From the rest of the building

Answer 185

Codes require a shunt trip where the elevator Heuss way or elevator Room is protected by automatic sprinklers this will shut down the power to the elevator before a sprinkler discharges water on the elevator equipment

Answer 186

Code contains provisions for the recall of all passenger elevators with a vertical travel greater than 25' in the event of fire Phase one operation automatically stops all the cars that serve the fire floor if there are movin away from their terminal floor the lobby It also causes the cars to return nonstop to the lobby

Answer 187

The elevators cars emergency stop in floor selection buttons are rendered in operative so that the car occupants cannot stop the car anywhere but at the terminal floor

Answer 188

Is designed to override the the recall feature to permit firefighters to use the elevators after they arrive on scene In this phase a firefighter must insert a key in a 3 position switch to put it into fire service mode The electric I safety which prevents the doors from closing if a person or smoke is in the doorway is disable during this operation

Answer 189

Constrict firefighter ability to quickly in efficiently ventilate the building as a result building codes generally required that these buildings be fully sprinkler Upper floor should have emergency access openings on 2 or more sides in the upper floors

Answer 190

May have occupancy areas 30' or more lower then their primary exit

Answer 191

Greatest challenge in control and fires is difficulty in venting heat and smoke Smoke proof enclosures are required for buildings with levels more than 30' below the level of exit discharge Max fire resistance is 4 hours

Answer 192

Underground portions of the buildings must be fire resistive construction where floor levels are more than 60' below the level exit discharge separation of each level into to approximately equal size compartments may be required Automatic sprinklers are required Smoke exhaust system is required

Answer 193

Building codes require that mall walkways be a minimum of 20' wide dispeace permits pedestrian travel and also the use of open storefronts

Answer 194

Code requires individual stores within the shopping mall to have one hour fire resistive separation from each other but they do not require that individual storefronts are separated from the mall itself

Answer 195

Codes do not require it for one story shopping malls however they are required in covered mall buildings with 3 or more stories

Answer 196

Is a large vertical opening extending through 2 or more floors of a building that is not used for building services such as enclosed stairs elevators or building utilities

Answer 197

Call requires for atriums include automatically sprinkler protection the building codes have a basic requirement that a atrium be enclosed with one hour fire rated construction or a combination of glass and automatic sprinklers

Answer 198

The typical smoke barrier consists of a minimum of one hour fire rated enclosure Elevator lobbies in in close exit stair landings are logical location for areas of refuge Must be provided with 2 way communication system connected to a constantly attended location

Answer 199

Can range from a total height of 12' to an excess of a 100' Isles nearer than 3.5'

Answer 200

Stamp pipe risers must be extended a as construction progresses in a high rise building and lows rise building more than 3 stories Building and fire codes require this nameplates be extended before the construction reaches 40' above the lowest level of fire department access The top hose outlet should be within one story of the uppermost level that has a secure floor

Answer 201

Generally a ABC extinguisher a dresses majority of hazards at construction site In APA to 41 requires the presence of A20B rated extinguisher door and roofing operations

Answer 202

The primary hazard unique to renovating in remodeling is did disturbance of hazardous substances such asbestos

Answer 203

Primary cause is removal of large amounts of underground water or oil over yours beneath built up areas this is usually gradual and fairly uniform when the cause is the removal of an underground liquid

Answer 204

Test question A fire load may not directly translate into in equivalent structural load

Answer 205

Test question The total stresses within structural members must be lower than the failure point of the material for the structure to remain intact A ratio of the failure point of the material to the maximum supportable design stress is added to the minimum required strength as a FACTOR OF SAFETY

Answer 206

Test question Class A roof coverings are effective against a severe fire exposure Class B roof coverings are effective against a moderate fire exposure CLASS C roof coverings are effective against a light fire exposure

Building Construction Flashcards

(231 cards)