building science shit

Question 1

in a cool region , how should you design a building

Answer 1

cool regions buildings should have small foot prints , to reduce radiant , conductive and evaporative heat and should require wind protection .

Question 2

in temperate to hot humid regions , how should a building be designed

Answer 2

in temperate regions you want large south exposure and minimum east west so a long skinny builidng.
the hotter the area the more air flow you want .

Question 3

passive solar heating , define

Answer 3

heat without mechanical devices by using conduction, radiation or convection to store and release heat in the future.

Question 4

what is the solar constant and what is it used for

Answer 4

430 btus per square foot per hour , is the average radient heat received from the earth used to caclulate solar heat of buildings.

Question 5

2 essential elements for passive solar systems

Answer 5

south facing glass , 30-50 percent of floor area for cold climates 15-25 in tempered climates .

as a thermal mass to collect .

Question 6

3 ways of passive solar heating

Answer 6

direct gain, indirect gain and isolated gain.

direct gain, window , sun straight to thermal mass

indirect gain - trombe walls , radiation on wall, conduction through then convection or radation in the space. . roof ponds, annd sun rooms also are examples.

isolated, are gaining and collecting from outside the system, using a convenction loop to bring heating into the space.

Question 7

window shade strucutures, east and west , south what types

Answer 7

east west is vertical, and south is horizontla

Question 8

quality of daylighting in a space is defined by what. (4) options

Answer 8

1. size and orientation
2. reflective of room
3. transmittance of glazing
4. obstruction blocking daylighting.

Question 9

T or F , the larger and higher the window the more day lighting comes in

Answer 9

true.

Question 10

rule of thumb for most balance daylighting

Answer 10

daylight to penetrate space from at least 2 directions.

Question 11

what sloped roof allows for snow and rain to fall off

Answer 11

60

Question 12

define hydrostatic pressure

Answer 12

Hydrostatic pressure arises from groundwater that surrounds a building’s foundation. When soil around the foundation becomes saturated with water (from rain, high groundwater levels, or poor drainage), the water exerts a force perpendicular to the foundation walls

Question 13

list the 2 basic types of site drainage

Answer 13

sub surface and surface drainage.

Question 14

why wind is bad and should be planned around

Answer 14

wind can cause heat loss in the winter and add lateral loads to a structure.

Question 15

surface drainage slopes rule of thumb.
grass,
pavement

Answer 15

grass should be 1.5- 10 percent.
paved parking should be 2-3 percent.

Question 16

why wind induced ventilation is good

Answer 16

removes odor and adds ventilation. hot climates you get convection cooling lower loads on mechanical systems

Question 17

t or f concealed spaces, attics, crawl spaces require ventilation

Answer 17

t , for condensation problems.

Question 18

wind positive pressure on what sloped roof, wind pushes towards the building not away

Answer 18

30 degrees or more.

Question 19

problem with east and west windows

Answer 19

overheating source and difficult to shade effectively

Question 20

problem with north facing windows

Answer 20

exposed to winter winds

Question 21

rule of thumb for minimum head clearance

Answer 21

7’ 6”

Question 22

minimum car overhead clearance

Answer 22

7’

Question 23

car ramp size

Answer 23

transtition slopes at top and bottom 1 half the size of slope of the ramp . example 8 percent slope and 16 percent slope.

Question 24

name different slope protection against erosion

Answer 24

1. terrace the slope,
2. riprap where is a series of random rocks ands boulders at a depth larger then the stone with a drainage mat .
3. cribbing, squared materials assembled in layers filled with stone.
4. bin walls, gravity wall with stacked interlocking precast
5. gabions - wire baskets filled with stone
6. natural means

Question 25

what is the use of a retaining wall

Answer 25

to reduce the lateral pressure of soil. the pressure increased from the top down proportionally

Question 26

what is a rule of thumb for the footing of a retaining wall below the lower surface

Answer 26

height of total wall divided by 3

Question 27

names the 4 types of retaining walls

Answer 27

gravity wall t cantilivered wall L cantilevered wall Counterfort

Question 28

list the height max of the different retaining walls

Answer 28

gravity wall 10 feet max t/L wall 20 feet max counterfort wall above 20 feet,

Question 29

t or f , timber, concrete, brick or stone masonry can be used for low retaining walls and high

Answer 29

false should only be used for low retaining walls, concrete should be used for the others.

Question 30

the difference is failure of short columns to long columns

Answer 30

short will be crushed, rather then buckle.

Question 31

what is the kern area

Answer 31

central area of a wall or column in a horizontal section which all compression loads must pass through.

Question 32

external forces causes internal stress t or f

Answer 32

t and this is the definition of stress.

Question 33

what force deforms beams

Answer 33

moment forces, non concurrent.

Question 34

describe bending moment of a beam

Answer 34

top half of beam in compression, bottom half in tnesion , equal force applied to top and force attached at the ends going up

Question 35

draw a simple beam and its shear and moment loads

Answer 35

page 2.15 . shows a beam with either a point load in the middle or equal loads on top , the end connections have an equal load from underneath, then the shear diagram is equal on both sides and the moment is a equal porabla , if gthe moment diagram is a triangle this is a point load

Question 36

draw a overhang and double overhang beam and its moment diagram

Answer 36

looks like the harbour bridge with the highest at the center of the largest span and dips over half wal

Question 37

define a truss. define web, panel and chords. heel and panel point

Answer 37

a truss is a structural based on geometric rigidity of the triangle and straight members and and subject to axial tension and compressions strengths. chords are the outer edges, web is the internal supports and panel is any triangle space. heal is the corner end pieces and the panel point is any intersection of points

Question 38

can a beam supported by 2 columns capable of resisting lateral forces

Answer 38

no it must be braced.

Question 39

define rigid frame

Answer 39

a rigid frame is when the joist connected to the columns and beams can resist all forces and moment it is a rigid frame.

Question 40

name 3 types of rigid frames

Answer 40

fixed frame. bad for thermal contraction and expansion, but being fixed at its connections is better for deflection hinged frame. used pin joints , these prevent high bending stress, by allowing the frame to rotate but not as good in deflection. three hinge frame triangle hinge. more issues with deflection but greater to thermal stresses.

Question 41

fill a beam and 2 columns what do you get

Answer 41

you get a loadbearing wall brings uniform compression forces to the ground.

Question 42

why you need a lintel above doors and windows

Answer 42

lintel above door and windows help with the structural integrity of the walls.

Question 43

define plane structures.

Answer 43

a rigid, planar , usually monolithic that disperse applied loads in multiple directions, loads normally follow the shortest travel. space frames and fold structures are more extreme examples.

Question 44

what type of frame walls help with later forces as well

Answer 44

shear walls, braced walls and rigid frames. any combination.

Question 45

how to avoid torsional effects and lateral forces

Answer 45

center of mass and and resistance as constant as possible. irreglar structures

Question 46

vaults behave as arches in three dimensions what does this require

Answer 46

buttresses to create outward thrust on the arch.

Question 47

define the torsion and compression forces of a dome

Answer 47

the tensile at the lower and compress towards the crown.

Question 48

name 10 joints in structures

Answer 48

1. butt joints 2. interlocking joints 3. molded or shaped joints ( linkin logs) 4. point connection like a bolt 5. welded joints 6. surface joints using glues 7. bolted with plates 8. pre cast concrete connection 9. reinforced concrete 10. welded steel connection joints.

Question 49

list the 4 general types of foundation

Answer 49

1.basements with foundation walls 2.crawl spaces with foudation wall 3. slabs on grade 4. grid of piers and poles.

Question 50

different from shallow and deep foundations.

Answer 50

shallow is used when the soil bearing capacity is is adequate to transfer the loads. deep is used when the soil is unstable.

Question 51

define underpinning

Answer 51

underpinning is rebuilding or strengthening an existing foundation.

Question 52

define 3 ways of underpinning

Answer 52

needle beams, which are temporary beam passed through a foundation wall and carried by a hydraulic press dig intermittent pits under existing foundation until new foundation is in place alternate is to extend foundation wall and placing new footings is to reconstruct piles on either side of the existing foundation, replacing portions of the foundation with a pile cap.

Question 53

how to brace soil that is past the angle of repose during excavation . ie different excavation support systems.

Answer 53

1. sheet piling, 2. solder piles ( beams and H section) with lagging 3. tie backs if bracing would interfere 4. bracing with sheet piling and solder beams 5. slurry wall 6. dewatering.

Question 54

what is the lowest point of a foundation called

Answer 54

spread footing . laterally concrete to not effect the bearing compacity of the soil.

Question 55

how to minimize the effects of ground heaving

Answer 55

footing must be below the frost line.

Question 56

what is the difference between a grade beam and a foundation wall

Answer 56

foundation walls use spread footings, where grade beams use isolated footings and span across them. isolated footing can be used for columns and poles.

Question 57

what is a cantilver or strap footing

Answer 57

is a column footings connected by a tie beam to another footing.

Question 58

how far should a foundation wall extend past grade to support wood construction .

Answer 58

6 "

Question 59

describe a foundation wall construction

Answer 59

1. 8" min foundation wall. 2. dampproofing or waterproofing membrane on the exterior (usally 3/4") thick. waterproofing membrane should extend vertically min 6" from above grade down to top of footing . 3. parge if masonry walls 4. below grade you want to protect the membrane with a drainage map, rigid insulation or impregenaate fiber cement board 4. on top of footing slop away using a cant strip. 5. cover with min 6" of gravel 6. weeping tile, botton at least 2 inch from top foundation footing 4" min pipe protect with filter fabric. slab connect and sealed, typical concrete slab 4" concrete, membrane , protection board then ground layers.

Question 60

difference of concrete foundation wall and concrete masonry walls (foundation)

Answer 60

concrete foundation walls require form work to build and should have a 8" minimum wall thickness. concrete masonry do not use form work and should be designed around a typical 8" block.

Question 61

what is the minimum coverage of steel in a footing

Answer 61

6" above and 3" on side.

Question 62

describe the distance a foundation should be when the building is at the top or bottom of a slope

Answer 62

top of slope is h/3 or 12m max bottom is h/2 or 5 m ma

Question 63

describe different concrete joints in a slab , for the last on there is 3 versions...

Answer 63

isolation joints known as expansion joints construction joints and control joints space 15-20'. control joints type are. ; keyed, sawed, or metal trims.

Question 63

what should you use for a bearing wall or column transmit a load onto a slab on grade

Answer 63

independent footing should be used.

Question 64

why use pole foundations.

Answer 64

steep slopes, areas of flooding, pole foundations elevate the building.

Question 64

what is the minimum depth of a slab footing, or thickened slab

Answer 64

min depth of slab footing is 12"

Question 65

2 types of deep foundation

Answer 65

pile and caisson, these are used to get past bad soil and find good sol deeper down.

Question 66

min pile cap for a deep foundation

Answer 66

12'

Question 67

what is a caisson pile

Answer 67

often known as drilled piles they are cast in place formed by boring with a large auger and filing with concrete.

Question 68

describe a floor system, what is it??

Answer 68

a floor is a horizontal planar structure meant to carry live loads, people, animals, furniture, and dead load, its own weight.

Question 69

floor system under structure, concrete, steel and wood, what floor sheathing can be use

Answer 69

steel beams support steel decking and precast concrete planks wood supports planking and decking, concrete to conctrete.

Question 70

different concrete slabs and what are they.

Answer 70

one way slab - uniform thick, reinforced in 1 direction. one way joist slab - cast with closely spaced joist supported by beams parallel two way slab and beam like one way but reinforced in 2 directions. waffle slab . waffle 2 way ribs. 2 way flat plate - only reinforced by columns not beams, two way flab, same as plate but thickened at columns .

Question 71

what is prestressed concrete and why use it

Answer 71

prestressed concrete is when the tensile stresses in the tendons are transferred to the concrete, placing the entire cross section of the member in compression. this results in a counter acting load enabling the pre stressed member to carry more load, enables it to deflect less and span greater distances.

Question 72

difference between pre and post tensioning

Answer 72

pre tightens steel first first is loose until concrete is casted and then pulled. post pull and pre pull

Question 73

in cost estimating what is a analogues cost estimating what is parametric what is bottom up

Answer 73

using pre knowledge such as a project done before to figure out cost, complete inaccurate cost. example last year i did a 5 story office building for 7.5 mil. most common and uses research to add a cost to a unit price or area. bottom up is most accurate, usually done by a contractor bidding on a project, includes labor etc.