Buildings list Flashcards by William Gagnon

STONEHENGE

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ÇatalHüyük: urban “metropolis”

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The great ziggurat of Ur (present Iraq)

to Honor Moon God Nanna-dating from the late 4th milleniumBC

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Pyramids of Giza

Lower Egypt

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Hatshepsut Temple

Dayral-Bahri, Thebes Around 1551 BC

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Palace at Knossos about 1600 BC BCE by King Minos

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GREEK PUBLIC BUILDINGS :

By far the most important building

– At first, built in wood

– Was symbol of the polis

– Rituals were celebrated at the altar in front of the temple

• “Monumental sculpture set in landscape

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Greek public buildings: Temple

By far the most important building

– At first, built in wood

– Was symbol of the polis

– Rituals were celebrated at the altar in front of the temple

• “Monumental sculpture set in landscape

PARTHENON

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DORIQUE

IONIQUE

CORINTHIEN

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Maison carrée Nîmes France

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Temple of Hercules Victor, Rome’s Forum Boarium(120 BC)

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Roman public buildings : theaters

For plays (Greek revivals and new Roman plays)

Devoted to gladiator contests and other large-scale amusements

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Santa Sabina, Rome (422-432)

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HagiaSophia, Constantinople (537)

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San Vitale, Ravenna (532-548)

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Palace of Charlemagne, Aachen(790-810)

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Saint Michael, Hildesheim, Germany (993-1022)

• Built outside city walls:

–Massive stone walls but

–Towers point heavenward

• Stronghold and gate to heaven

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Sainte-Foy, Conques(1040-1130)

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Saint-Sernin, Toulouse (1077-1125)

Saint Serninwas the 1st bishop of Toulouse, martyred in 4th c.

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Durham Cathedral, Durham(1093-1133)

Emphasis still on mass resisting weight:

–Clerestory windows are small (mass of wall still required)

–Lateral forces of vaults gathered in thick walls of the nave and conducted down massive piers and columns

•All working parts of structure visible from nave

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Abbey Church of Saint Denis, France (1135-40)

Clear geometrical composition

–“devised by means of geometrical and arithmetical instruments”

•Great round window

–the 1st of the rose windows typical of gothic churches

•Three entrance doors

–Recessed behind ranks of successive jamb columns and concentric archivolts covered with sculptures relating to biblical kings and queens (now defaced)

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Notre-Dame de Paris, France(1162-1250)

Nave was extended and decided to increase size of gallery windows

Meant that new bracing method had to be found
The oblique tilted arches would need to be bigger: i.e. outside and exposed
The flying buttresses were born!

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Salisbury Cathedral, England(1220-66)

Differenttakein Englandwherethe horizontalitywasemphasized:

–Lower heights than in France

–Stressinghorizontal mouldingsand courses of masonrydividingthe courses

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Château Gaillard, Normandy(1196-98)

Built by Richard 1 (Lionheart)

Inspired by Muslim improvements
3 irregular shaped bays, separated by moats, wrapped around the hill

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Harlech Castle, Wales (1283-90)

Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419) * “Foundling Hospital”, orphans’ asylum * By FilippoBrunelleschi For Giovanni de’ Medici * 1st appearance of mathematicalproportioning * Arcade with monolithic Corinthian columns

Dome of Santa Maria della Fiore,Florence (1418-36) Designed by FilippoBrunelleschi * Dome over the Florence Cathedral, a Gothic church begun about 1300 * Demonstration of the desire to stretch human limits

San Francesco, Rimini(1450-61) Designed by Alberti * New exterior shell around existing church * The arcaded new wall recalled the massiveness of the Colosseum * Entry derived from Roman triumphal arches\* * Show detailed study of Roman ruins

Sant’ Andrea, Mantua(1470-93) Designedby Alberti * Hislast building, completedby Luca FancelliafterAlberti’sdeath * New façade fittedon existingone withbelltower that could not be removed * The façade is a slightly reducedversion of the main part of the church

Santa Maria della Carceri, Prato(1485-91) Edges of volumes marked by dark stone Corinthian pilasters, entablature, architrave •Unadorned stucco walls

San Pietro in Vaticano, Rome(1504-14) Designedby Bramante * Gigantic dome over crypt of Saint Peter’s and apse of Constantine’sbasilica * Dome on 4 corner piers and pendentives with radiatingbarrel vaults * Ambulatoryaround, connecting4 chapels * Auxiliarycorner chapels * Combinationof squares and circles

Château de Chambord, Loire Valley(1519-1539) Height of Italian art (1515-1547) * Designed by Domenicoda Cortonaand altered by da Vinci for François 1er * Reflects the reinforcement of monarchic authority * Style illustrates the rapidity of the change between Gothic and Italian arts * It resembles an Italian palace AND a medieval castle * Considered to be the last masterpiece of the Loire Valley

Palazzo del Te, Mantua (1525-32) Suburban retreat for a Duke by GiulioRomano * Shows playfulness of Mannerist architecture * Exterior masonry rusticated * Pilasters correspond to no load, have different rhythm on each wall and odd corners

Villa Capra (Villa Rotonda), outsideVincenza (begun 1550) By Palladio * His best know villa (and most imitated) * He used the word suburbanato describe its location in his book * Palladio also wrote that the house was designed as a belvedere to offer views

Villa Badoer, Fratta Polesine (1556) By Palladio * Villa designs based on studies of music proportional numbers * Used Classical colonnades to connect buildings to the main house * Villa has temple front\* (most of his villas do: he wanted to “restore” the colonnaded portico to private houses)

Church of the Gesù, Rome

Santa Maria, Florence (Alberti)

Banqueting House, Palace at Whitehall,London (1619-22) By InigoJones as an extension to royal palace * InigoJones was a royal protégé and travelled * Elements show Jones’ close study of Palladio: –The balustrade –Carefully proportioned orders –Building proportioned to have single room as perfect double cube –3 levels

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane,Rome (1634-67) By Borromini for the Spanish Trinitarian Order * Small church at the intersection of 2 new streets with fountains at each corner * The special character would become common in Baroque architecture

Sant’ Ivo della Sapienza, Rome (1642-60)

Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio, Rome(1646-50) By Martino Lunghithe Younger for Cardinal Jules Mazarin of France * Variation of the earlier Gesùpattern 70 years earlier * Pilasters have become actual columns standing in triplicate * Pediments are cut at the top and voids are filled with garlands and carved figures * No part of the façade is free of embellishment!

Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome(1647-52)

Château de Versailles, Versailles(1661-82) French Baroque * Built for Louis XIV by Louis le Vau(architect), Charles Lebrun (interior) and André Le Nôtre(landscape architecture) * Replaced an old hunting lodge * 1st royal “palace” (replaced castles)

Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London(1675-1708) * By Sir Christopher Wren to replaced burned Gothic churches (great 1666 fire) * Mathematician, scientist, astronomer, also architect and “Surveyor-General of the King’s Works” for Charles II * Tackled the problem of Protestant church design…

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire(1705-25) * By Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoorfor Queen Anne * Presented as the gift of the nation to a private citizen (John Churchill who had defeated the French army) * More a “monument to the deed than the doer”

Chiswick House, Outside London(1725) * By Lord Burlington for himself * Inspired by Palladio’s Villa Capra * Also incorporates other elements, mainly that it * had 3 different façades

Vierzehnheiligen, Franconia, Germany(1742-72) * Decorated with Illusionistic carvings and paintings * Elements are not functional

of Sainte-Geneviève, Paris (1755-90) * By Jacques-GermainSoufflotto replace older church * Stylistically, demonstrates how study of antiquity could lead to new architecture * He used new mathematics of architectural statics to calculate pressure and thrust * No stone is superfluous

SalinesRoyales, D’Arc-et-Senans(begun 1775) * Stark geometry of house emphasized by over scaled details * Very little ornament: only openings from which protrude fluid carvings

Barrière de la Villette, Paris(1784-89) * Tax collecting station by Claude-Nicolas Ledouxfor Louis XVI * Consists simply of a square base and a cylindrical upper section * Windows, doors, and arched openings are free of embellishment * This simplicity and boldness of form was radically new

Project for a cenotaph for Isaac Newton(1784) * By Étienne-Louis Boulléeto honour Newton * Cylindrical base supporting hemispherical dome * Inside, huge spherical room reached by tunnel * Vault had tiny openings to allow light and recreate heavens

Project for a metropolitan church(1781-85) * By Étienne-Louis Boullée * Very large in scale, clearly unbuildable (he knew that…) * Like cenotaph, this project demonstrated new scale and new simplicity of forms * They were meant as beacons

9 Project for a cenotaph for Isaac Newton(1784) * By Étienne-Louis Boulléeto honour Newton * Cylindrical base supporting hemispherical dome * Inside, huge spherical room reached by tunnel * Vault had tiny openings to allow light and recreate heavens Project for a metropolitan church(1781-85) * By Étienne-Louis Boullée * Very large in scale, clearly unbuildable (he knew that…) * Like cenotaph, this project demonstrated new scale and new simplicity of forms * They were meant as beacons Virginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia 12/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 49 12/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 50

Strawberry Hill, Twickenham (London)(begun 1748) * By Horace Walpole, writer, for himself * Built section by section over many years * Mixture of expressions from the Middle Ages: –12th c battlements –16th c. Tudor moldings –Library in a new “Gothic” style influenced by the craze for Chinese design 12/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 52

CoalbrookdaleBridge, England(1777-79) * By John Wilkinson, Thomas F. Pritchard, and Abraham Darby III * One of 1st demonstrations of potentials of cast iron as a structural material * The bridge was made of 50-foot half sections

Glyptothek, Munich(1816-30) * By Leo von Klenzefor Ludwig of Bavaria * Early example of Classical Revivalism * 1stsculpture museum * Before, monarchs had opened their residences * New building type, had to have recognizable and appropriate image * Building becomes an extension of the art housed in it

AltesMuseum, Berlin(1822-30) * By Karl Friedrich Schinkelfor Wilhelm II, Prussia King * To hold royal collections of paintings and sculptures * Designed to enclose a major public space: –Front like Greek stoa –Ionic colonnade continues average cornice height of near Baroque buildings •Designed as ancient Greek architects might have done

House of Parliament, London(1836-70) * By Sir Charles Barry and Augustus WelbyNorthmorePugin * To house Parliament after palace of Westmisterburned (1834) * Be built on same spot * Be medieval style to fit with surviving portions of original buildings

Bank of Montreal(1845-46) * By John Wells * Bank of Montreal wanted headquarters reflecting its wealth * Projects solid image of power and wealthto attract investors * Inspired by the Bank of Scotland… inspired by… by... * Adopted architecture of Roman Empire, less austere than Greek architecture

Crystal Palace, London(1851) * Final solution by Sir Joseph Paxton, a horticulturalist and greenhouse builder… * Basically an oversized greenhouse! * Structure made of identical modular cast iron columns and beams * “Skin” made almost exclusively of standardized glass panes

Paris Opera, Paris(1861-75) * By Charles Garnier * Further elaboration of the 2nd Empire Baroque style * Garniercarefully studied how opera functioned * Integrated 4 circulation patterns, one for each type of opera goer he identified * Mostly understood why Parisians went to Opera…

Saint PancrasStationtrain shed, London(1863-65) * By W. H. Barlow and R. M. Rodish, engineers * Vast arching metal shed represents culmination of railroad station * It used wrought iron trusses * Great dimensions but little mass * “Doing the greatest possible work with least material” to degree never achieved before

BibliothèqueSainte-Geneviève, Paris(1838-50) * By Henri Labrouste * To define North edge of Place around Panthéon * First library illuminated with gas so opening hours could be regular

Red House, near London(1859-60) * By William Morris with Philip Webb for himself * House is simple in design and based on medieval vernacular prototypes but without deliberate copying * The material, common red brick, is exposed * The constructive process is understandable

“Liberty Enlightening the World”(1884-86) * By Frederic AugusteBarthold * Gift from France in honour of first centennial of the US * Structural framework by GustaveEiffel

Home Insurance Building, Chicago(1883-86) * By William Le Baron Jenney * Construction began with solid masonry piers in walls * Bricklayers strike happened… * He decided to continue building the exterior skeleton in metal * When masons came back, structure was wrapped with protective masonry cladding attached to skeleton

The Fine Arts Building(1885) * for Studebaker Company * Designed by Solon S. Beman * Original façade * Converted into studios and theaters for artists in 1898 * Three floors were added and the interior was renovated * After remodeling

Eiffel Tower(1889) * By GustaveEiffel * Built as the entrance arch * Demonstration of the use of new materials and structural calculations

Casa Mila, Barcelona(1905-10) * By Antonio Gaudi * Plan of irregular walls, looking like the section of a plant stem * 4 apartments per floor, grouped around interior light courts

Frederick C. RobieHouse, Chicago(1908-09) * Spaces are long, separated by fireplace * To achieve long spans, steel beams were used in roof * Lighting and heating are integrated in ceilings and floors

AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin(1908) * By Peter Behrens for the German General Electric Company * First major assembly building to assemble turbines * Design of building determined by primary mechanical functions * Building included all latest advances such as cranes riding on rails in the upper walls, capable of lifting loads of 50 tons

12 Eiffel Tower(1889) * By GustaveEiffel * Built as the entrance arch * Demonstration of the use of new materials and structural calculations Casa Mila, Barcelona(1905-10) * By Antonio Gaudi * Plan of irregular walls, looking like the section of a plant stem * 4 apartments per floor, grouped around interior light courts Frederick C. RobieHouse, Chicago(1908-09) * Spaces are long, separated by fireplace * To achieve long spans, steel beams were used in roof * Lighting and heating are integrated in ceilings and floors AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin(1908) * By Peter Behrens for the German General Electric Company * First major assembly building to assemble turbines * Design of building determined by primary mechanical functions * Building included all latest advances such as cranes riding on rails in the upper walls, capable of lifting loads of 50 tons FagusFactory administrative wing,Germany (1911-12) * By Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer for Fagus * He created an austere block, inspired by Behrens’s turbine factory * Glass curtain wall “hangs” from the roof and the building seems to be only planes of glass, even the corners are not solid * This is the image of a mechanized architecture 19/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 67 19/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 68 26/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 69 26/03/2012 BLDG482: Impact of Technology on Society and Architecture 70

Washington State Capitol, Olympia,Washington (1911-28) * By W. R. Wilder and H. K. White from firm McKim, Mead & White * This building is characteristic of this approach * It is easy for Americans to understand that the building is a state capitol

Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany(1925-26) * By Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer * Building materializes ideas of Bauhaus * It had a pin-wheel plan * Faculty offices formed a bridge over a street * The “bridge” linked classrooms, dining hall, and student housing to workshop wing

Villa Savoye, Poissy(1928-31) * By Le Corbusier * The house is a demonstration of his “5 points of a new architecture”(1927) –On pilotis –Roof gardens –Free plan –Free façade –Free fenestration

German Pavilion, Barcelona(1929) * By Miesvan der Rohe * He focused on pavilion, which was to be used for official ceremonies

Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr House, Mill Run,Pennsylvania (1935) * By Frank Lloyd for the Kaufmanns * Known “Falling Water House” * Adapted modern vocabulary for this nature retreat built over waterfall * The stream, surroundings and cantilevered design are meant to be in unison * Wright wanted to make “organic” buildings

Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine,Wisconsin (1936-39 and 1944-51) * By Frank Lloyd Wright for Herbert F. "Hib" Johnson * Has curved brick walls (200 types of curved red brick, indoor and outdoor)

Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago(1948-51) * By Miesvan der Rohe * Designed apartment blocks reduced to their simplest form, functionally and structurally * Major structural bays subdivided by pre-fab. aluminum windows * Provided prototype for glass towers that became the mark of modernization in US and then the world

Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut(1949) * By Philip Johnson * Strongly inspired by Mies * Consists of slab on steel columns with central core for bathroom * Free plan glass box where each object is important * Sculptures on site and separate brick guest house

ChapelleNotre Dame du Haut,Ronchamp, France (1950-55) * By Le Corbusier * Ronchampshad been a site of pilgrimage since 12th c. but neo-Gothic chapel was destroyed in WWII * He was given carte blanche to design new church * He spend days on the site, sketching the surroundings * The result is the most spectacular of his new architecture

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum,New York (1959) * By Frank Lloyd Wright for Solomon R. Guggenheim to house his collection of modern art * Opportunity to use spiral helix that Wright was fascinated by. * Giant helical ramp of reinforced concrete expanding as it rises. covered by glass dome

Pruitt-IgoeHousing Complex, Saint-Louis, Missouri * Vandalized by its occupants and nobody wanted to live in it anymore * What had been demonstration of highest ideals of modern architecture in service of social engineering had to be destroyed…

Jonas Salk Inst. for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California (1959-65)

Guild House, Philadelphia(1960-65) * By Robert Venturiand Rauch with Cope and Lippincott * Will be beginning of “Post-Modernism” * Suggests possibility of referring to Classical tradition of Western architecture –White tile base –Band of white glazed brick to set off the attic story –The top, center window recalled a pediment

15 Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris(1971-77) * By Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers * The museum is a box of glass turned inside out: the structure and utilities are on the outside * This allows for interior to have large, open, universal spaces * This is “architecture-as machine” elevate to its highest

House 10(1976-82) * By Peter Eisenman * Kind of “historicism” * Wanted his designs to be completely abstract and self-referential… * Buildings end up looking like Le Corbusier’s designs from 20’s * He identified the houses he designed with numbers to accentuate this

AT&T Building, New York(1978-83) * By Philip Johnson for AT&T * Building cladedwith pink granite * Makes references to Alberti’sSant’ Andrea and to New York skyscrapers of 20’s

Portland Building, Portland(1978-82) * By Michael Graves * 1st major Post-Modern public building in US * Design responds to Neoclassical Portland City Hall (1893) –Abstracted column forms –Swags and garlands –3-storey keystone * Gesture doesn’t ring true to some * But it does combine functional clarity and formal expression with artistic elegance

High Art Museum, Atlanta(1980-83) * By Richard Meier * Strongly inspired by Le Corbusier * Purity of form and surface but uses irregular forms * Building has 5 cubic masses arranged in an “L” that forms a glass enclosed atrium * Ramp is reminiscent of Guggenheim * But… no effort to integrate building in its urban context

What are the gothic periods and their dates

Early Gothic : 1140 Classical Gothic : 1190 Rayonnant Gothic : 1230 Flamboyant Gothic : 1360 to early 16th

Middle ages Early High Late

450 900 1200

What did Vitruvius wrote?

Ten Books on Architecture

What did Palladio do

- four books on architecture - trained as builder - public buildings and urban palazzi - venice, vicenza -

building palladio built

- villa badoer - villa capra (villa rotonda) (belvedere) -

the goal of mannerist architecture

purity state of absolute balance rational order

characteristics of renaissance architecture

- impression of being simple - clarity - uniformity - regularity - planar, surfaces - human in scale - easily perceived forms - intellectual comprehension

characteristics of baroque architecture

- deliberately complex - ambiguity - studied variety - contrast - emphasis on plasticity and spatial depth - superhuman in scale - sense of mystery - intent of creating an emotional impact

Buildings list Flashcards

(101 cards)