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Question 1

What environmental challenges do terrestrial plants face? (6)

Answer 1

• risk of desiccation
• nutrient availability
• support
• regulation of gas exchange
• temperature fluctuation
• developing successful mechanisms for reproduction

Question 2

What adaptations have animals made to living on land? (10)

Answer 2

• Living and growing only in moist settings
• Dormancy during periods of drought
• Resisting dessication by having waterproof other layer to reduce water loss
• The development of stomata to enable and regulate gas exchange and water loss
• Development of cortex and more highly specialised body parts such as roots, stems and leaves to carry out different functions
• Development of specialised vascular tissue; xylem and phloem, to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
• Incorporation of lignin into cell walls to give strength and support.
• Reproduction by means of seeds which are resistant to structures to protect the embryo, have an integral energy supply and can also function as a dispersal mechanism.
• Exploiting insects and other animals in pollination and seed dispersal mechanisms.

Question 3

How many plant divisions are there?
What are they?

Answer 3

3
Division Bryophyta
Division Tracheophyta
Spermatophyes - angiosperms

Question 4

Name 5 features of plants

Answer 4

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cellulose
• Autotrophic
• Chlorophyll

Question 5

Name an example of Bryophyta

Answer 5

Mosses

Question 6

Describe mosses (6)

Answer 6

1. Non-vascular
2. Leaf-like structures
3. No cuticle
4. No stomata
5. Contain rhizoids
6. Contain spores

Question 7

Describe the specialisation of mosses.
What do mosses lack?

Answer 7

Mosses lack specialisation.
Mosses do not have a vascular system, true roots, leaves, stems or a waxy cuticle.

Question 8

What type of area do mosses inhabit?

Answer 8

Moist, shady areas.

Question 9

How thick are mosses leaves?

Answer 9

Mostly 1 cell thick.

Question 10

Without any vascular tissues, how do mosses support themselves?

Answer 10

They rely on the turgidity of their cells.

Question 11

What are rhizoids?

Answer 11

Simple hair-like projections which grow out of the epidermal cells of the moss and also facilitate the uptake of water and mineral ions.

Question 12

How do mosses reproduce? Spores or seeds?

Answer 12

Spores - these germinate after dispersal if they land somewhere where there is sufficient moisture.

Question 13

Name 2 examples of division Tracheophyta and describe how they differ.

Answer 13

Tracheophyta = vascular plants
Ferns - non-seed bearing vascular plants (Pteridophyta)
Angiosperms (flowering plants) - seed-bearing vascular plants.

Question 14

Describe ferns (Pteridophyta) (7)

Answer 14

• Vascular
• True roots, stems and leaves
• Cuticle
• Stomata
• Woody xylem
• Spores
• Rhizome = underground stem

Question 15

Are vascular plants more adapted or less adapted than Byrophytes?

Answer 15

More adapted/evolutionised

Question 16

What is the role of xylem in a plant?
What is the role of phloem in a plant?

Answer 16

Xylem - transport of water (stiffened by lignin)
Phloem - transport of sugars (non-lignified)

Question 17

Describe the adaptations of spermatophytes (angiosperms) (7)

Describe their complexity.

Answer 17

• Vascular
• True roots, stems and leaves
• Leaves are broad and flat
• Cuticle
• Stomata
• Woody xylem
• Seeds

Further increase in complexity in comparison to ferns.

Question 18

List xerophytic adaptations of plants. (6)

Answer 18

• Leaf curvature
• Sunken stomata
• Thick waxy cuticle
• Hairs
• Succulent tissue
• Reduced surface area