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Food Animal Therio > Bull BSE and Repro Diseases > Flashcards

Bull BSE and Repro Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What should you always do before starting a BSE in a bull?

A

A general physical exam
- look at body condition score, general health, locomotion, conformation, hooves, and eyes (if a bull cant see, they cant mount)

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2
Q

What are the general components of a bull BSE?

A

Focused repro exam assessing scrotal contents, accessory sex glands, penis/prepuce

Semen quality- assessing motility and morphology

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3
Q

Why is transrectal palpation a component of a Bull BSE?

A

To assess the accessory sex glands

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4
Q

What is the minimum percent of progressively motile sperm and normal morphology required to be classified as a satisfactory potential breeder?

A

-Minimum 30% progressively motile sperm
-minimum 70% normal morphology

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5
Q

Which sperm defects are considered “normal”

A

Distal droplets and abaxial implantation as they do not affect fertility

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6
Q

What is the minimum scrotal circumference required for a 15 month old (or younger) calf?

A

30 cm

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7
Q

What is the minimum scrotal circumference required for a 15-18 month old calf?

A

31 cm

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8
Q

What is the minimum scrotal circumference required for a 18-21 month old calf?

A

32 cm

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9
Q

What is the minimum scrotal circumference required for a 21-24 month old calf?

A

33

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10
Q

What is the minimum scrotal circumference required for a 24 month old or greater calf?

A

34 cm

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11
Q

What criteria put bulls into the deferred classification?

A
  • bull is less than 18 months with poor sperm quality
  • bulls dont meet minimum sperm parameters, but it is their first offense
    -bulls with evidence of disease with a good prognosis for recovery
    -recheck in 2 weeks to 2 months
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12
Q

When are bulls classified as unsatisfactory potential breeders?

A

-when they have failed more than 1 BSE with no signs of improvement
-when the scrotal circumference is less than the minimum for their age group
-when there is evidence of disease that has a poor prognosis for recovery

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13
Q

What causes preputial prolapse and lacerations?

A

Usually due to trauma and bulls with pendulous sheaths are predisposed
- can also commonly be caused by breeding injury (when bunching of the preputial skin gets trapped between bull abdomen and cow pelvis during ejaculatory lunge)

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14
Q

What makes prolapses such a large concern?

A

Leads to inflammation/edema leading to further trauma/laceration leading to infection

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15
Q

How do you treat a prolapse of the prepuce?

A

Consider topical vs systemic antibiotics depending on the case
-to reduce edema, use hydrotherapy, bandaging, emollient ointment
-to return damaged tissues to preputial cavity use a combo of medical management +/- surgery

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16
Q

What are some complications that can occur as a result of preputial injuries?

A

-stenosis (stricture) of the preputial lumen following preputial injury (scar tissue- cicatrix formation- preputial stenosis)
-phimosis (inability to extend penis)
-no effective treatment once adhesions form besides possibly resection and anastomosis

17
Q

How do retropreputial abscesses form?

A

They are a sequela to preputial injuries if all damaged tissues are retracted into the preputial cavity and go unnoticed

18
Q

What is the prognosis for retropreputial abscesses?

A

Poor for future breeding ability
- adhesion formation–> phimosis
-drainage of the abscess through the preputial lumen may facilitate resolution (NOT through overlying skin)

19
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of a persistent frenulum

A

-Occurs when the penis fails to separate from the prepuce by 12 months of age
-phimosis can occur as a result

20
Q

How can you correct a persistent frenulum?

A

Ligate the remaining connective tissue

21
Q

Should you pass a bull for breeding after correcting a persistent frenulum?

A

Maybe- it depends on if their offspring are being used for meat or breeding

22
Q

What should you do about penile warts (papillomas)?

A

Depends on severity. Can pluck them off or wait and they may regress

23
Q

What are the two reasons that spiral deviation of the penis can occur?

A

Pathologic due to lateral slippage of the dorsal apical ligament

Iatrogenically can occur during electroejaculation (need to also see during breeding for diagnosis to be made)

24
Q

What is the prognosis for ventral deviation of the penis?

A

Poor as surgery is very expensive to correct

25
Q

What is the infectious agent (s) responsible for infectious pustular balanoposthitis?

A

-Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (venereal or respiratory transmission)
-Ureaplasma diversum, mycoplasma bovis (venereal transmission, can cause infertility and abortion in females)

26
Q

What are some non-infectious causes of infertility?

A

-Nutritional deficiencies/toxicities (too high or low BCS, gossypol toxicity, mineral imbalance)
-immaturity/genetics
-heat or cold stress (scrotal frostbite, disturbed heat regulation)
-illness (febrile)

26
Q

How does too low or too high of a BCS affect fertility of bulls?

A

Too low: insufficient energy, poor semen quality
Too high: feet and leg injuries, testicular degeneration due to scrotal insulation

26
Q

How do bulls get affected with gossypol toxicity and what are its affects?

A

Get affected through consumption of cottonseed products with excess free gossypol (chronic and cumulative)
-results in reduced libido, decreased spermatogenesis, decreased sperm motility, and sperm morphologic defects

27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of gossypol toxicity?

A

Enzyme inhibition of steroid synthesis in testicular Leydig cells and direct mitochondrial damage in spermatozoa
-this is reversible

28
Q

What sperm defects are the most common in pubertal bulls?

A

-Proximal droplet defects

29
Q

What is the main genetic defect of sperm?

A

Dag defects (strongly folded/coiled tail)
-if over 50% there is a strong genetic link
-high numbers may also be linked to zinc toxicity

30
Q

What opportunistic pathogens are commonly found as the cause of vesiculitis in bulls?

A

Brucella abortus, T fetus in rare cases

31
Q

What age group is vesiculitis most common in?

A

Young peripubertal or aged bulls >9 years
-good prognosis if young, poor if old

32
Q

Describe the infection of trichomoniasis in bulls vs cows?

A

Bulls are asymptomatic carriers
-when females are exposed via venereal transmission this can lead to infertility due to endometritis, salpingitis and rarely abortion

33
Q

How long does infection of trichomoniasis last in cows vs bulls?

A

Cows can clear in 20 weeks if young, but bulls infected after 3 years are often lifelong carriers

34
Q

What is the other name for campylobacteriosis?

A

Vibrio

Food Animal Therio (12 decks)

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