Business Agility Flashcards
What are the 7 Business Agility Competencies
Lead-Agile Leadership, Team/Tech, Product Delivery, Enterprise Solution Delivery, Lean Portfolio Mgt., Org. Agility, Continuous Learning Culture
What are the 5 Technical Revolutions
Industrial, Steam/Railways, Steel/Heavy Engineering, Oil/Mass Production, Software/Digital
What are the phases of the Business Agility Value Stream
Sense Opportunity, Fund MVP, Organize around value, Connect to Customer, Deliver MVP, Pivot or Persevere, Learn & Adapt
What are the 3 Measurement Domains?
Outcomes, Flow, Competency
What do the Flow metrics measure?
Distribution, Velocity, Load, Efficiency, Predictability
What do the Competency Metrics measure?
Business Agility and Core Competency Assessments
How does SAFe enable business agility?
Dual operating system, both of which are Agile
Define Lean Agile Leadership
How Lean-Agile Leaders drive and sustain organizational change and operational excellence by empowering individuals and teams
Define Team/Technical Agility
The critical skills and Lean-Agile principles and practices that high-performing Agile teams and Teams of Agile teams use
Define Agile Product Delivery
customer-centric approach to defining, building, and releasing a continuous flow of valuable products and services to customers and users.
Define Enterprise Solution Delivery
How to apply Lean-Agile principles and practices to the specification, development, deployment, operation, and evolution of the world’s largest and most sophisticated software applications, networks, and cyber-physical systems.
Define Lean Portfolio Management
Aligning strategy and execution by applying Lean and systems thinking approaches to strategy and investment funding, Agile portfolio operations, and governance.
Define Organizational Agility
How Lean-thinking people and Agile teams optimize their business processes, evolve strategy with clear and decisive new commitments, and quickly adapt the organization to capitalize on new opportunities.
Define Continuous Learning Culture
A set of values and practices that encourage individuals—and the enterprise as a whole—to continually increase knowledge, competence, performance, and innovation.
Define Business Agility
Ability to compete and thrive in the digital age by quickly responding to market changes and emerging opportunities with innovative, digitally-enabled business solutions.
Define Team / Technical Agility
The critical skills and Lean-Agile principles and practices that high-performing Agile teams and Teams of Agile teams use to create high-quality solutions for their customers.
Three Components of Team / Technical Agility
Agile teams, Built-in Quality, Teams of Teams (ARTs)
What is an Agile team?
High-performing, cross-functional teams anchor the competency by applying effective Agile principles and practices.
What is a Team of Agile Teams?
A SAFe Agile Release Train (ART), a long-lived, team of Agile teams that provides a shared vision and direction and is ultimately responsible for delivering solution outcomes.
What is Built-in Quality?
All Agile teams apply defined Agile practices to create high-quality, well-designed solutions that support current and future business needs.
What are the benefits of the Agile Manifesto for all Teams (Technical and Business)?
Be collaborative, Ship frequently, Use objective measures for progress, Interact with customers frequently, Expect and support change
What are the four values of the Agile Manifesto?
Individuals and interactions over processes and tools, Working software over comprehensive documentation, Customer collaboration over contract negotiation, Responding to change over following a plan
What are the Product Owner’s responsibilities?
Define Stories (along with other team members) and prioritizes the team backlog to streamline the execution of program priorities, while also maintaining the conceptual and technical integrity of the Features or components the team is responsible for.
What are the two formal roles on an Agile team?
Scrum Master and Product Owner
What are the Scrum Master’s responsibilities?
Servant leader and coach for the team, instilling the agreed-to Agile process, removing impediments, and fostering an environment for high performance, continuous flow, and relentless improvement.
What are the four team topologies?
Stream-aligned, Enabling, Platform, Complicated subsystem
What is the stream-aligned team organized around?
flow of work and has the ability to deliver value directly to the customer or end user.
What is the complicated subsystem team organized around?
Specific subsystems that require deep specialty skills and expertise.
What is the enabling team organized around?
Assist other teams with specialized capabilities and help them become proficient in new technologies.
What is the platform team organized around?
The development and support of platforms that provide services to other teams.
What Scrum practices do most teams use?
Work in short iterations, typically two-week, Break work into small user stories managed in team backlogs, Plan the work together for the upcoming iteration, Have Daily Stand-Up (DSU) events to communicate and assess progress towards iteration goals, Demonstrate working solutions continuously, or at the end of each iteration, Discuss how to improve the process before starting the iteration cycle
What is an Agile Release Train?
A long-lived team-of-Agile-teams, which—along with other stakeholders—incrementally develops, delivers, and where applicable operates, one or more solutions
How are ARTs organized?
Around enterprise’s value streams
What skills are required in an ART?
Broad skills, including operations, supply chain, security, compliance, product marketing, distribution, training, support, legal, finance, licensing, product management, R&D, procurement, contracts, suppliers, manufacturing, and engineering
What’s the ART’s primary focus?
Fast execution and value delivery
What does the ART align to?
The ART aligns to the portfolio vision, and through it, to the Enterprise strategy.
What does ART alignment require?
Constant engagement with the portfolio stakeholders responsible for the direction of the train. Business Owners are involved in ART events and continuously provide guidance
The component of Team / Tech agility that is also a SAFe core value is…
Built-in Quality
What lean goal does built-in quality power?
Delivering value in the shortest sustainable lead time
Who defines built-in quality practices?
All Agile teams—software, hardware, business, or other—must create quality solutions and define their own built-in quality practices
How do Agile teams avoid rework and delays?
Quality must be ‘built into’ value creation, not ‘inspected in’ later. In addition, by working in small batches, different individuals in cross-functional teams will be able to update work artifacts frequently. To support their ‘collective ownership’ of artifacts, code, and other content, Agile teams adhere to standards and processes, and continually improve their product quality through refactoring and by reducing technical debt.
How do teams establish flow?
Teams visualize and limit work in process (WIP), reduce the batch sizes of work items, and manage queue lengths (SAFe Principle #6). They also base milestones and measures on objective evaluation of working systems (SAFe Principle #5). Build a Continuous Delivery Pipeline (CDP). Quickly release small, Minimum Marketable Features (MMF) to learn and adapt.
How do Peer Review and Pairing enable built-in quality?
Peer review and pairing create built-in quality during development. Both create and maintain quality because the work will contain knowledge, perspectives, and best practices from multiple members.
What is collective ownership?
Collective ownership means that anyone can change an artifact to improve its quality.
What’s required for collective ownership?
Standards are required to assure consistency, enabling everyone to understand and maintain the quality of each work product. Standards also provide lightweight governance to help assure that individuals don’t make a local change that has an unintended, system-level consequence.
What are the ways Teams typically automate?
They automate the PROCESSES that build, deploy, and release the solution. This process takes the teams’ raw artifacts (code, models, images, content, etc.), generates production versions as necessary, integrates them across teams and ARTs, and makes them available in a production environment. They automate the QUALITY CHECKS along this path to ensure standards are followed, artifacts meet quality levels (e.g., broken link and spelling checkers), etc.
What are the 5 ways all Agile teams typically ensure built-in quality?
Establish Flow, Peer Review and Pairing, Automation, Collective Ownership and Standards, and Definition of Done.
What are the advanced ways Agile teams ensure Built-in Quality?
Agile Architecture, Agile Testing, Behavior-Driven Development, Test-Driven Development, Refactoring, Spikes
Which SAFe core value is also a principle of the Agile Manifesto?
Built-in Quality. “Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility”
What teams are accountable for build-in quality?
All teams including software, hardware, operations, product marketing, legal, security, compliance, etc. share the goals and principles of built-in quality. However, the practices will vary by discipline because their work products vary.
What are the benefits of built-in quality?
Higher customer satisfaction, Improved velocity and delivery predictability, Better system performance, Improved ability to innovate, scale, and meet compliance requirements
What are SAFe’s 5 dimensions of built-in quality?
Flow Quality, Architecture and Design Quality, Code Quality, System Quality, Release Quality
What are the two elements that enable Flow quality
Test first and Continuous Delivery
What do agile teams test for?
Features, stories, and code
What does test- first apply to?
Test-first applies to both functional requirements (Feature and Stories) as well as non-functional requirements (NFRs) for performance, reliability, etc.
What’s the advantage of test-tirst?
A test-first approach collapses the traditional “V-Model” by creating tests earlier in the development cycle
What do testing and quality practices enable?
Continuous Delivery Pipeline
What do reduced test suites accomplish?
Reduced test suites and test data (a ‘smoke test’) to ensure the most important functionality before moving through other pipeline stages. Accelerated feedback.
How does Agile architecture enable effective evolution of the product?
Knowledge gained through experimentation, modeling, simulation, prototyping, and other learning activities. It also requires a Set-Based Design approach that evaluates multiple alternatives to arrive at the best decision.
What does good design require?
good coupling/cohesion and appropriate abstraction/encapsulation make implementations easier to understand and modify. SOLID principles [5] make systems flexible so they can more easily support new requirements.
What does set-based design enable?
Using a set-based design explores multiple solutions to arrive at the best design choice, not the first choice
What does good architecture and design determine wrt testability?
Architecture and design also determine a system’s testability. Modular components that communicate through well-defined interfaces create seams [7] that allow testers and developers to substitute expensive or slow components with test doubles.
Does design quality apply apply to cyber-physical systems?
yes.
For example, integrated circuit (IC) design technologies (VHDL, Verilog) are software-like and share the same benefits from these design characteristics and SOLID principles [8].
Hardware designs also apply the notion of test doubles through simulations and models or they provide a wood prototype before cutting metal.
What are the core practice in enabling good code quality?
Unit testing and TDD,
Pair work, and collective ownership and
coding standards.
Also applies to cyber-physical systems.
What does system quality assure?
system quality confirms that the systems operate as expected and that everyone is aligned on what changes to make.
How do we attain system quality?
Create alignment to enable fast flow and continuously integrate the end-to-end solution
How do we create alignment to enable fast flow?
. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) defines a collaborative practice where the Product Owner and team members agree on the precise behavior for a story or feature.
Applying BDD helps developers build the right behavior the first time and reduces rework and errors.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) scales this alignment to the whole system.
What does the Ci/CD pipeline provide?
Fast feedback.
Can Cyber-physical systems can also support a fast-flow, CI/CD approach?
Yes
Who is responsible for improving the end-to-end testing platform?
Component teams become responsible for supporting both their part of the final solution as well as maturing the incremental, end-to-end testing platform.
What proves the system compliance to intended purpose?
Lean Quality Management System (QMS) defines approved practices, policies, and procedures that support a Lean-Agile, flow-based, continuous integrate-deploy-release process.
What ensures that an increment of value is complete?
Definition of Done is an important way of ensuring increment of value can be considered complete. The continuous development of incremental system functionality requires a scaled definition of done to ensure the right work is done at the right time, some early and some only for release.
How does SAFe compensate for the organizational hierarchy?
Organize around value, both agile.
What are the components of the “dual operating system”?
Network: Product research, delivery and maintenance.
Hierarchy: Revenue & cost, Finance and accounting, Sales and marketing, Legal and governance, People and careers, Production of goods and services.
Shared: Strategy, Customer engagement, Support, and Learning culture.
What are the two components of the dual operating system optimized for?
The Network is optimized for speed and adaptability; the Hierarchy is optimized for efficiency and stability.
How does SAFe implement the Network?
SAFe implements the Network as a set of development value streams (DVSs) and provides the necessary interfaces to the Hierarchy to restore the system’s balance.
How does SAFe optimize the flow of value?
Reducing handoffs and delays between functional areas, reducing time to market
Bringing together all the research, development, deployment, and service personnel needed to offer whole product solutions
Providing intense customer focus across all disciplines for each product and service type
Measuring success via meaningful, outcome-based key performance indicators And
perhaps most importantly, the Network can rapidly reorganize as necessary to support emerging opportunities and competitive threats
How does SAFe organize around value?
Build technology portfolios of development value streams
Realize value streams with product-focused Agile Release Trains (ARTs)
Form Agile teams that can directly deliver value
What’s needed to Build Technology Portfolios of Development Value Streams?
Precisely specify value by specific product Identify the value stream for each product
Make value flow without interruptions
Let the customer pull value from the producer
Pursue perfection
What are the types of value streams?
operational and development
What does a SAFe portfolio consist of?
A collection of development value streams, aligned as necessary to deliver the products and services customers need
What are the benefits of organizing a SAFe portfolio around value?
Helps assure customer and product focus across the entire portfolio
Aligns strategy to execution by bringing visibility to all the work
Provides the basis for Lean Budgets, which eliminates the friction and cost accounting overhead of traditional project-based work
Supports measuring success via outcome-based key performance indicators (KPIs)
Improves workflow with smaller batch sizes
What is an ART?
ARTs are cross-functional, cross-discipline teams-of-teams of up to 150 people. To minimize handoffs and delays—and to foster continuous knowledge growth—ARTs have all the business and technical capabilities needed to define, implement, validate, deploy, release and support solutions for their customers.
What are the three types of ARTS?
Stream aligned, complicated subsystem, and platform
How are ARTS constrained toi minimize cognitive load?
Organized around one of four types of value:
stream-aligned,
complicated subsystem,
platform, and
enabling teams
What are the three dimensions of Agile Product Delivery
Customer Centricity / Design Thinking
Develop on Cadence / Release on Demand
Devops and continuous delivery pipeline
What is Customer Centricity and Design Thinking?
Customer Centricity:
mindset and way of doing business that focuses on creating positive engagements as customers experience the products and services the enterprise offers. Customer-centric businesses create greater profits, increase employee engagement, and more thoroughly satisfy customer needs.
Design Thinking:
Understanding the problem, which provides insight into the requirements and benefits of a desirable solution
Designing the right solution, which ensures the solution is technically feasible
Ensuring the solution is viable and sustainable by understanding and managing solution economics
What is Develop on Cadence /Release on Demand?
continuous flow of value to its customers. The timing of these releases are determined by market and customer needs
How does Develop on candence work?
Develop on Cadence, a coordinated set of practices that support Agile Teams by providing a reliable series of events and activities that occur on a regular, predictable schedule
What effect does customer centricity entail?
Focus on the customer
Understand the customers ‘s needs
Think and feel like the customer
Build whole product solutions
Create lifetime customer value
What are the cadences in Develop on Cadence?
Iterations and PIs
When are system demos conoducted?
End of every iteration
What two PI elements enable continuous improvement?
Inspect and Adapt (I&A) events are held at the end of each Program Increment (PI). It provides the entire ART with an opportunity to identify process improvement via a structured, problem-solving workshop. Innovation and
Planning iterations offer an opportunity in every PI for teams to work on innovation activities that are difficult to fit into a continuous, incremental value delivery pattern.
What does Release on Demand mean?
the mechanisms and processes by which new functionality is deployed into production and released immediately or incrementally to customers based on demand.
Who determines when releases occur?
Agile Product Management
What factors influence release schedules?
Regulatory deadlines
Responding to product defects and security updates
Responding to competitive market pressures
What is DevOps?
DevOps is the adoption of a mindset, a culture, and a set of technical practices that provides solution elements to the customer without handoffs or excessive external production or operations support.
What are the five elements of SAFe DevOps?
: Culture,
Automation,
Lean Flow,
Measurement, and
Recovery (CALMR)
Which of the CALMR elements is new to SAFe 5.0?
Reccovery
What is DevOps Culture?
Culture represents the philosophy of shared responsibility for fast value delivery across the entire Value Stream. It consists of everyone who helps create value, including Product Management, development, testing, security, compliance, operations, etc.
What does DevOps automation do?
Automation represents the need to remove human intervention from as much of the pipeline as possible to decrease errors and reduce the overall cycle time of the release process.
What does Lean Flow do?
Lean flow identifies the practices of limiting work in process (WIP), reducing batch size, and managing queue lengths. These hasten value flow to the customer and enable faster feedback.
What does DevOps measurement do?
Measurement fosters learning and continuous improvement by understanding and quantifying the flow of value through the pipeline
What does DevOops Recovery do?
Recovery builds systems that allow fast fixes of production issues through automatic rollback and ‘fix forward’ capabilities (i.e., fix in production).
What is the Continuous Delivery pipeline?
the workflows, activities, and automation needed to shepherd a new piece of functionality from ideation to an on-demand release of value to the end-user.
The pipeline is the most significant element of the agile product delivery competency
What are the three elements of the Continuous Delivery Piopeline?
Continuous Exploration fosters innovation and builds alignment on what should be built.
Continuous integration builds quality into the development process by continuously integrating the ongoing work of many Agile Teams.
Continuous deployment captures the processes associated with moving solutions through staging into production environments.
What is the primary tool for Continuous Exploration?
Design Thinking
What are the four activities of Continuous Integration?
Develop describes the practices necessary to implement stories and commit the code and components to version control
Build describes the practices needed to create deployable binaries and merge development branches into the trunk
Test end-to-end describes the practices necessary to validate the solution
Stage describes the practices necessary to host and validate the solution in a staging environment before production
What are the seven practices of Develop the Solution?
Break features into stories – Splitting features into stories enables continuous delivery via small batches and smooth integration. This may include creating user story maps to ensure that workflows are designed to meet customer needs.
Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) –BDD is a process Product Owners and teams use to more thoroughly understand requirements and improve quality by creating acceptance criteria and acceptance tests, and often automating them, before the code is even written. BDD works with TDD .
Test-Driven Development (TDD) – TDD involves writing the unit test first, then building the minimal code needed to pass the test. This leads to better design, higher quality, and increased productivity. TDD works with BDD.
Version control – Effective version control allows teams to recover quickly from problems and to improve quality by making sure the right components are integrated together. Aggregating assets under version control is a leading indicator of continuous integration maturity.
Built-in quality – Built-In Quality prescribes practices around flow, architecture & design quality, code quality, system quality, and release quality.
Application telemetry – Application telemetry is the primary mechanism that acquires and then uses application data to help determine the results of relevant hypotheses.
Threat modeling – In addition to the threat modeling done in the Architect activity of continuous exploration, attention should be given during system design to possible vulnerabilities that may be introduced into the system.
What are the five practices that help Build the Solution?
Continuous code integration – Code commit should automatically trigger compilation and testing of changes. Ideally, this happens on each commit but should happen at least several times a day.
Build and test automation – The compilation process should be automated and include unit- and story-level tests to verify the change. These tests often use test doubles to replicate other parts of the systems and enable fast builds.
Trunk-based development – Long-lived branches must be avoided. Teams should merge back as quickly as they can, at least once per day, and all teams should work off a single trunk.
Gated commit – Committing to a single trunk is risky, as broken changes can impact many teams. This is why only the changes that have been validated through the build and test process are merged into the trunk.
Application security – Code analysis tools inspect the code and third-party packages for known vulnerabilities.
What are the five practices that enable end-to-end testing?
Test and production environment congruity – Environment congruity assures that testing exercises the solution as it would behave in front of live users and decreases the probability that defects will escape into production.
Test automation – Many types of tests need to be run: functional testing, integration testing, regression testing, etc. The Agile Testing article details a testing matrix of what can and should be automated.
Test data management – To create stability, tests must be consistent and realistic, replicating production as much as possible, and under source control.
Service virtualization – Different kinds of testing require different environments. Service virtualizations allow teams to simulate a production environment without the costs and effort associated with creating and managing real environments.
Testing nonfunctional requirements (NFRs) – system attributes such as security, reliability, performance, maintainability, scalability, and usability must also be thoroughly tested.
Continuous integration with suppliers – Suppliers bring unique contributions that can have a significant impact on lead-time and value delivery. Their work must be continuously integrated as well. It helps to adopt a shared integration cadence and establish objective evaluation milestones.
What are the three key practices for VAlidaate on Staging?
Maintain a staging environment –A staging environment, which matches production provides the place for such validation.
Blue/Green deployment – The blue/green pattern involves two environments–live (production) and idle (staging). Changes flow continuously to the idle environment where they are staged until ready to deploy to production. At that point, a switch is flipped (a load balancer is updated for example), and the idle environment becomes the live environment, while the previous live environment becomes the new idle environment. This enables continuous delivery, zero-downtime deployment, and fast recovery from failures.
System demo – This is the event where stakeholders evaluate a solution’s readiness to be deployed to production.
What are some suggestions for enabling a continuous integration culture?
Integrate often
Make integration results visible
Establish a common cadence
Develop and maintain a proper infrastructure
Apply supportive engineering practices (e.g., Test-first)
All four Continuous Integration activities are enabled by DevOps. True or False
True
What is the foundation of the Customer Centric enterprise?
market and user research that creates actionable insights into the problems customers face, the solution requirements, and the solution context.
Market research tends to drive strategy; user research tends to drive design,
What des Market Research entail?
Focuses on the who and the what
Evaluates what larger samples say
Asks people about concepts, opinions, and values
Asks a market what they will buy
Focuses on marketing and selling the product
What does user research entail?
Focuses on the how and the why
Evaluates what smaller samples do
Observes what people do
Determines how a market will use
Focuses on the product requirements
What is the SAFe House of Lean?
Goal: Value
Foundation: Lean Agile Leadership; in Lean, managers are leaders who embrace the values of Lean, are competent in the basic practices, and teach these practices to others. They proactively eliminate impediments and take an active role in driving organizational change and facilitating relentless improvement.
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4 Pillars:
1. Respect for People and Culture ; driving force behind this new behavior is a generative culture, which is characterized by a positive, safe, performance-centric environment [8]. Achieving this culture requires the enterprise and its leaders to change first. The principle of respect for people and culture also extends to relationships with Suppliers, partners, customers, and the broader community that supports the Enterprise
- Flow ; principles of flow are an essential part of the Lean-Agile mindset. These include understanding the full Development Value Stream, visualizing and limiting Work in Process (WIP), and reducing batch sizes and managing queue lengths. Additionally, Lean focus on identifying and continuously removing delays and waste (non-value-added activities). One critical move that organizations must address to achieve flow is the shift from a start-stop-start project management process to an agile product management approach aligned to long-lived development value streams.
- Innovation; Lean-Agile Leaders engage in the following practices:
Hire, coach, and mentor innovation and entrepreneurship in the organization’s workforce
Go see…get out of the office and into the actual workplace where the value is produced, and products are created and used
Provide time and space for people to be creative to enable purposeful innovation.
. Apply Continuous Exploration, the process of constantly exploring the market and user needs, getting fast feedback on experiments, and defining a Vision, Roadmap, and set of Features that bring the most promising innovations to market.
Validate the innovation with customers, then pivot without mercy or guilt when the hypothesis needs to change.
Engage both top-down strategic thinking with organic team-based innovations to create a synergistic ‘innovation riptide’ that powers a tidal wave of new products, services, and capabilities.
- Relentless Improvement;
Optimize the whole, not the parts, of both the organization and the development process
Reinforce the problem-solving mindset throughout the organization, where all are empowered to engage in daily improvements to the work
Reflect at key milestones to openly identify and address the shortcomings of the process at all levels
Apply Lean tools and techniques to determine the fact-based root cause of inefficiencies and apply effective countermeasures rapidly
What are the SAFe Principles?
- Take an economic view
- Apply systems thinking
- Assume variability; preserve options
- Build incrementally, with fast integrated learning cycles
- Base milestones on objective evaluation of working systems
- Visualize and limit, reduce batch sizes, and manage queue lengths
- Apply cadence; synchronize with cross-domain planning
- Unlock the intrinsic motivation of knowledge workers
- Decentralize decision making
- Organize around value
What is the purpose of and how do we use the SAFe Implementation Roadmap
Reaching the Tipping Point
Train Lean-Agile Change Agents
Train Executives, Managers, and Leaders
Create a Lean-Agile Center of Excellence
Identify Value Streams and ARTs
Create the Implementation Plan
Prepare for ART Launch Train Teams and Launch the ART
Coach ART Execution
Launch More ARTs and Value Streams
Extend to the Portfolio
Accelerate
What are the 10 critical success factors in Essential SAFe?
Lean-Agile Principles
Real Agile Teams and Teams of Teams
Cadence and Synchronization
PI Planning
Customer Centricity, DevOps, and Release on Demand
System Demo
Inspect & Adapt
IP Iteration
Architectural Runway
Lean-Agile Leadership
How is DevOps handled for assessment and action, and what does it measure?
The SAFe DevOps Health Radar (Figure 6) is an assessment that helps ARTs and Solution Trains optimize their value stream performance.
It provides a holistic DevOps health check by assessing the maturity of the four aspects and 16 activities of the continuous delivery pipeline.
The Health Radar is used to measure baseline maturity at any point in a DevOps transformation and guide fast, incremental progress thereafter.
What are the four types of Operational Value streams?
generally, operational value streams fall into one of four types:
Fulfillment value streams represent the steps necessary to process a customer request, deliver a digitally-enabled product or service, and receive remuneration. Examples include providing a consumer with an insurance product or fulfilling an eCommerce sales order.
Manufacturing value streams convert raw materials into the products customers purchase. Examples include consumer products, medical devices, and complex cyber-physical systems.
Software product value streams offer and support software products. Examples include ERP systems, SaaS, and desktop and mobile applications.
Supporting value streams include end-to-end workflows for various supporting activities. Examples include the lifecycle for employee hiring and retention, supplier contracting, executing the annual budget process, and completing a full enterprise sales cycle.
