Buzzwords Flashcards
1
Q
Marker raised in muscular dystrophy
A
Raised CK
2
Q
Woodt texture muscle swelling
A
Duchenne or becker MD
3
Q
Fluctuating cognitive deficit
A
Lewy body or delirium
4
Q
Xanthochromic lumbar punture
A
SAH
5
Q
What is cogwheel rigidity
A
Tremor superimposed on rigidity
6
Q
REM disturbance
A
Lewy body or PD
7
Q
Pain on loud noise
A
Facial nerve palsy
8
Q
Inflammatory myopathy with poor response to steroids
A
Inclusion body myositis
9
Q
Leg symptoms (e.g. leg weakness) and midline shift
A
Falcine herniation
10
Q
Back pain worse on coughing
A
Slipped disc
11
Q
Headache worse on coughing
A
Pituitary fossa issue
12
Q
Myalgia + myositis + myoglobulinaemia/uria
A
Rhabdomyolysis (can lead to DIC and acute renal failure)
13
Q
Weakness and frontal balding and cataracts and ptosis
A
Myotonic dystrophy (onset 30s, positive family history)
14
Q
Migraine prophylaxis
A
First line: propanolol, topiramate or amitryptiline
Second line: valproate, pizotifen, gabapentin, pregabalin
If one drug doesn’t work by 4/12 try another
15
Q
This palsy is associated with should dystocia
A
Erbs palsy
16
Q
+ve simmonds test
A
Achilles tendon rupture
17
Q
High stepping gait and romberg’s positive
A
Cervical myelopathy
18
Q
Racoon or panda eyes occur with which fracture
A
Fracture of the anterior fossa
19
Q
Battle sign is seen in which fracture?
A
Fracture of middle cranial fossa - mastoid process of temporal bone
20
Q
Mesocortical dopamine hypoactivity
A
Negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia
21
Q
Subcortical dopamine hyperactivity
A
Psychosis
22
Q
What is the tuberoinfundibular pathway involved in?
A
Prolactin release
23
Q
What is the nigrostriatal pathway responsible for?
A
Extra pyramidal movements
24
Q
What is the mesolimbic system responsible for? (often called the mesolimbic system)
A
Motivation and reward
25
Which dopamine pathway is dysregulated in schizophrenia?
The mesolimbic (subcortical/mesocortical)
26
Mesolimbic dopamine blockade
Depression
27
Mesolimbic dopamine agonism
Psychosis
28
Which atypical causes the most weight gain?
Olanzapine
29
How often do you monitor clozapine levels?
Weekly for the first 6 months
Fortnightly for the next 6 months
Then every 4 weeks after that, and one month after discontinuation
30
What is the limbic system responsible for?
```
M2OVE
Motivation
Memory
Olfaction
Visceral afferents
Emotion
```
31
Reduced frontal lobe volume (and grey matter), enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced grey matter in the temporal cortex
Schizophrenia
32
Brain changes seen in schizophrenia?
Reduced frontal lobe volume (and grey matter), enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced grey matter in the temporal cortex.
33
What is thought blocking?
Abrupt and complete interruption of stream (strongly associated with schizophrenia)
34
Difference between flight of ideas and knights move thinking
Flight of ideas - ideas are connected
Knights move thinking - no link
Seen in bipolar during manic phase
35
Treatment for EPSE
Procylcidine
36
This part of the brain is involved in normal responses to threat
Amygdala
37
What does the pre-frontal cortex do?
Dampens down amygdala response to threat (fewer connections less effective)
38
What is Beck's triad?
Negative feelings about self, world and future
39
Treatment of OCD
SSRI or clomipramine (TCA)
40
Side effect of NMDA antagonists?
Psychotic symptoms
41
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal
use chlordiazepoxide ( 30mg QDS, 25mg QDS, 20 mg QDS, 15mg QDS, 10mg QDS, 10mg TDS, 10mg BD, 10mg OD - nocte)
42
When do alcohol seizures occur?
48 hours
43
When does delirium tremens present?
48-72 hours
44
Which types of dementia would you see eosinophilic inclusions in?
Lewy body and PD
45
Treatment of hypertensive crisis?
Phentolamine infusion
46
Who do you need to avoid TCAs in?
Need to avoid in old people, people with suicidal intent and patients with cardiac problems
47
How does a blow-out fracture present?
Can't look up and double vision
48
Tear drop or "blood level" in sinus
Blow out fracture
49
Failure to adduct and nystagmus in abducting eye
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - issue with medial longitudinal fasciculus
50
Curtain coming down - less than 5 minutes
Amaurosis fugax
51
Curtain coming down (partial) longer than 5 minutes
Retinal detachment
52
Loss of red reflex, eye red on ophthalmoscopy
Haemorrhage
53
How would a pontine issue present?
Pinpoint pupils
54
How does a transcalcarine fracture present?
Dilated pupils
55
Down and out, dilated
Damage to CN3
56
Down and out, not dilated
Diabetes
57
Roth spots (retinal haemorrhages with white or pale centre)
Infective endocarditis
58
Scrambled egg/ yolk appearance of the macula
Best disease
59
USS shows snowstorm appearance, frogspawn, grape like
Hydatidiform mole
60
Doughy abdomen
Placenta accreta (insertion of placenta into myometrium post endometrial ablation) need to treat with C-section, also remember to give contraception
61
Fetal distress and loss of engagement, previous C-section or surgery
Uterine rupture
62
Prolapse and back pain
Uterine prolapse
63
Breast inflammation poor response to antibiotics
Inflammatory breast cancer
64
“Fluid level behind drum”; “retracted drum”; “Dull colour”
Otitis media with effusion
65
Loss of corneal reflex (+ sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus)
Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) - associated with NF2
66
Where does Little's area/Kiesselbach's plexus arise from?
Branches from external carotid artery (via maxillary and facial) and internal carotid (via ophthalmic)
67
ADHD triad
Hyperactive
Inattentive
Impulsive
68
Treatment of ADHD
Methylphenidate or atomoxetine
69
Interaction between calcium and thyroxine
Decreased absorption from gut
70
Metabolic complication of ACEi and spironolactone
Hyperkalaemia
71
What happens if you give digoxin and verapamil
Digoxin toxicity
72
Treatment of Wernicke's
Pabrinex
73
When are triptans contraindicated?
Contraindicated in IHD, concurrent use of lithium, SSRI or ergot derived drugs (e.g. PD drugs - pramipexole, ropinirole)
74
Erythematous bullseye lesion
Lyme disease
75
Cauliflower appearance
Plantar warts, HPV
76
Which virus is responsible for Kaposis sarcoma?
HSV8
77
Translocation (8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma
78
Alcohol makes this cancer worse
Hodgkins
79
What test would you do for B12 deficiency?
Schilling's test
80
Bence jones proteins
Multiple myeloma
81
African kid with history of EBV and tumour is in face/jaw
Burkitt's
82
Gum infiltration and bilobed large mononuclear cells
AML
83
Smudge cells
CLL
84
Mid-diastolic murmur with a tapping undisplaced apex
Mitral stenosis
85
Continuous machinery like murmur
PDA
86
Crescendo decrescendo murmur
Aortic stenosis
87
Diminished absent lower limb pulses
Coarctation of the aorta
88
Radio-femoral delay
Coarctation of the aorta
89
Radio-radio delay
Coarctation of the aorta or aortic dissection
90
Stony dull to percuss
Pleural effusion
91
Ground glass appearance on x-ray
Pulmonary fibrosis/RDS of newborn
92
Caseous necrosis
TB
93
Bronchiole wider than neighbouring arteriole (on CT) (signet ring sign)
Bronchiectasis
94
D sign on x-ray
Empyema
95
Steeple sign on x-ray
Laryngotracheobronchitis/croup
96
Treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia
Co-amoxiclav (and prednisolone if severe)
97
What is samter's triad?
Asthma + nasal polyps + aspirin insensitivity
98
Mucoid sputum
Chlamydia psittaci
99
Rusty sputum
Pneumococcal pneumonia
100
Morning headache
Hypercapnia or SE of organic nitrates or ICP etc
101
Eggshell calcification at hilar region
Silicosis
102
‘Heart-failure cells’ seen in alveolar spaces
Macrophages that have absorbed haemosiderin - found in chronic pulmonary oedema, and associated (severe) left-ventricular heart failure. Also, seen in long-standing pulmonary hypertension.
103
What is an assmann focus?
Apical lesion of secondary tuberculosis infection
104
Thumbprint sign on head x-ray
Epiglottitis
105
Snowstorm appearance on chest x-ray
Baritosis, silicosis
106
Honeycomb lung
Fibrosing alveolitis
107
Which drugs could cause gingival hypertrophy?
Phenytoin, ciclosporin, CCBs
108
Murphy's sign positive
Cholecystitis
109
Pale stools, jaundice, abdominal pain
Biliary obstruction
110
Abdo distension, caput medusae, shifting dullness
Portal hypertension + ascites
111
13C breath test
Bacterial overgrowth
112
Urea breath test
H pylori
113
AMA
Primary biliary cirrhosis
114
ASMA
Autoimmune hepatitis
115
Corkscrew oesophagus
Oesophageal spasm
116
Russel's sign
Self-induced vomiting
117
Crypt abscess/cryptitis
UC
118
Mallory's hyaline bodies
Alcoholic liver disease (acute hepatitis) and chronic active hepatitis
119
Thumb-printing on X-ray commonly at splenic flexure
Ischaemic colitis
120
“Signet RIng” cells seen on biopsy
Linitis plastica - diffuse stomach cancer
121
Bloody diarrhoea, fragmented RBCs, undercooked hamburgers, metallic green stool cultures
E. coli 0157
122
Red macules on body
Salmonella typhi
123
Playing with turtles, undercooked chicken/ stale chicken
Salmonella enterididis
124
bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhagic mucosa with ulcerations on distal colon
Shigella dysenteria
125
Unpasteurised/raw milk, Guillain Barre Syndrome
Campylobacter
126
Orphan annie nuclei
Papillary thyroid cancer
127
Psammoma bodies
Papillary thyroid cancers
128
Anosmia and isolated GnRH deficiency
Kallmann's syndrome
129
Acute management of hypocalcaemia
IV calcium gluconate (10ml of 10% calcium gluconate in 50% dextrose or saline)
130
Brachydactyly (short bones) of the 4th metacarpal
Pseudohypoparathryroidism
131
“Dinner fork” or “Swan’s neck” deformity in wrist
Displaced colles fracture
132
Feels like walking on pebbles
advanced rheumatoid arthritis in the feet - subluxation of the metatarsophalangeal joints
133
Foot drop
Common fibular nerve (peroneal nerve)
134
Sagging rope sign
AVN
135
Painful arc
Damaged supraspinatus tendon, frozen shoulder, rotator cuff impingement
136
Dry eyes, mouth, vagina, bronchitis
Sicca syndrome
137
Shortened leg and externally rotated
Displaced neck of femur
138
Shortened leg and internally rotated
Dislocated femoral head
139
Popcorn calcification
Chondrosarcoma
140
Soap bubble appearance
Giant cell tumour
141
Sunray spiculation
Osteosarcoma
142
Hatchet like face
Myotonic dystrophy
143
Rosary bead sign
Polyateritis nodosa
144
Light bulb sign
Posterior should dislocation
145
“shepherd’s crook” deformity
Fibrous dysplasia
146
Loosers zone on x-ray
Pathognomic of osteomalacie, represents a pseudo fracture or incomplete stress fracture
147
Sea anemone
Transitional cell carcinoma on cystoscopy
148
UTI + Travel to India
Carbapenase-producing Klebsiella (Resistant to all antibiotics)
149
UTI with foul smelling urine and renal calculi
Proteus
150
Beading of the renal artery
Fibromuscular dysplasia
151
RBC casts in urine
Proves haematuria is glomerular
152
Muddy brown casts of epithelial cels
Acute tubular necrosis
153
"Potato" appearance
Testicular seminoma
154
Schistosomiasis/ catheterisation
Squamous cell cancer
