by me

Question 1

Erythropoietin (EPO) side effects

Answer 1

• Thromboembolism: EPO increases blood viscosity and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
• Hypertension: EPO increases systemic vascular resistance, possibly due to activation of erythropoietin receptors on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells

Question 2

which type of amyloidosis happen in dialysis

Answer 2

accumulation of b2 microglobulin due to low clearance. can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome and other involvement of osteoarticular structures.

Question 3

MOA of Patiromer

Answer 3

Patiromer is a nonabsorbable cation exchange resin that binds colonic potassium in exchange for calcium, trapping potassium within the resin where it is then excreted in the feces. used in CKD hyperkalemia.

Question 4

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate MOA

Answer 4

nonabsorbable cation exchange resin that binds intestinal potassium in exchange for sodium and hydrogen. unlike patromier It is more selective for potassium and does not interfere with absorption of magnesium or other medications.

Question 5

acid base disturbance at high altitude

Answer 5

respiratory alkalosis. give CA inhibitor to relieve alkalemia

Question 6

what happens to the contralateral kidney in renal artery stenosis in terms of sodium excretion?

Answer 6

sodium excretion increases in the contralateral kidney to compensate for the high fluid due to activation of RAAS in the kidney that had stenosis

Question 7

BPH and haematuria

Answer 7

Microscopic or gross hematuria can sometimes arise in patients with BPH due to the formation of new, friable blood vessels in the area of prostatic hyperplasia

Question 8

difference between PTH and PTHrP

Answer 8

However, unlike PTH, PTHrP does not significantly increase 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production due to structural differences after the first 13 amino acids.

Question 9

where is EPO generated from?

Answer 9

peritubular fibroblasts in the renal cortex

Question 10

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) bad prognostic factor

Answer 10

adult onest

Question 11

staph aureus causing necrotizing pneumoniae virulence factor?

Answer 11

Panton-Valentine leukocidin

Question 11

what is the most common cause of pneumoniae in HIV?

Answer 11

strep pneumoniae

Question 12

what are the main cells increased in sarcoidosis on bronchial lavage?

Answer 12

CD4+ lymphocytes

Question 13

serpentine cords characteristic of which bacteria?

Answer 13

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a classical morphologic appearance under microscopy. The cells are arranged in long, slender, serpentine cords due to the presence of a hydrophobic surface glycolipid called cord factor.
cord factor forms cylindrical micelles that surround the organism and prevent macrophage-mediated destruction within the phagolysosome.

Question 14

aging of resp system: PaO2, O2 satu, CO2, A-a gradient

Answer 14

lower PaO2, normal O2 satu, A-a gradient is high, normal CO2

Question 15

what are cell changes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 15

high fibroblasts, low type 1 pneumocytes, high type 2 pneumocytes, abnormal basement membrane

Question 16

which lung lobe does alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency affect mostly and why?

Answer 16

lower lobes, due to higher perfusion and more neutrophils reaching

Question 17

which cells are involved in COPD:

Answer 17

neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T lymphocytes

Question 18

what is the most common bacteria colonizing CF patients in young and adults?

Answer 18

staph mainly in young. pseudomonas in elderly

Question 19

acute pulmonary edema vs chronic lung congestion histology features

Answer 19

acute pulmonary edema: engorged alveolar capillaries are evident and the intraalveolar transudate appears as acellular pink material

chronic lung congestion: Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (“heart failure cells”)

Question 20

what is
Bronchial challenge testing?

Answer 20

assess bronchial hyperreactivity and exclude asthma. A provocative stimulus (typically aerosolized methacholine, a cholinergic muscarinic agonist) is administered at increasing concentrations to induce bronchoconstriction

Question 21

moa of Pirfenidone and use

Answer 21

antifibrotic agent that inhibits TGF-β; for IPF

Question 22

nintedanib MOA and uses

Answer 22

tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits PDGF, FGF, and VEGF for IPF

Question 23

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Answer 23

Patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis in particular may develop an allergic hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus. The result is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), which occurs in 5%-10% of corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. can result in bronchiectasis

Question 24

What are the tumor marker for small cell lung cancer?

Answer 24

* Neuroendocrine markers: NCAM, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin

Question 25

Dextromethorphan

Answer 25

is a nonopioid central antitussive agent that activates sigma receptors in the medullary cough center of the brainstem

Question 26

MOA of Cromolyn

Answer 26

Cromolyn and nedocromil inhibit mast cell degranulation and prevent release of preformed chemical mediators

Question 27

CF vit A deficiency

Answer 27

Avitaminosis A in particular may contribute to squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining of pancreatic exocrine ducts, which are already injured and predisposed to squamous metaplasia by inspissated mucus

Question 28

zileuton MOA

Answer 28

a 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor that reduces the production of leukotrienes (it does not block leukotriene cell surface receptors). It can be used for treatment of asthma

Question 29

what is the most common cause of death in CREST syndrome?

Answer 29

pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 30

non caseating granuloma causes

Answer 30

sarcoidosis, berylliosis,?

Question 31

epistaxis anterior bleeding

Answer 31

kiesselbach plexus: superior labial artery ethmoidal arteries greater palantine artery sphenopalantine artery

Question 32

epistaxis posterior bleeding

Answer 32

from sphenopalantine artery, branch of maxillary artery

Question 33

drainage of sphenoid and posterior ethmoidal sinus

Answer 33

superior meatus

Question 34

drainage of frontal, maxilary sinuses. and anterior and middle ethnmoidal sinuses

Answer 34

middle meatus

Question 35

drainage of nasolacrimal duct

Answer 35

inferior meatus

Question 36

abiraterone

Answer 36

abiraterone, a medication that irreversibly inhibits 17-alpha-hydroxylase. This limits extratesticular ( adrenals) androgen production, which slows the growth of the prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 37

which ligament carries the ovarian vessels?

Answer 37

suspensory/ infundibulopelvic ligament

Question 38

Trazodone

Answer 38

is a sedating antidepressant used off-label most often as a hypnotic to treat insomnia associated with depression or antidepressant treatment. It has been associated with the rare but serious side effect of priapism

Question 39

what happens to endothelin and thromboxane A2 in preeclampsia

Answer 39

they increase

Question 40

what hormone decreases in preeclampsia

Answer 40

vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor