Byzantine And Mongol Empires Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
The Roman Empire divided into? By who?
A
Western and eastern empires by Diocletian
2
Q
Capital of Byzantine moved east from Rome, to the Greek city of? Later became?
A
Byzantium, later became Constantinople (after emperor Constantine) because he was the one who moved the capital in 330 A.D.
3
Q
When did the Western Roman Empire crumble? How?
A
5th Century because it was overrun by invading German tribes (the Huns)
4
Q
Byzantium (name of the entire eastern empire) and its flourishing capital city, Constantinople, carried on the glory of Rome for how many more years?
A
1,000 years
5
Q
Who was Justinian?
A
High ranking Byzantine nobleman who succeeded his uncle to the throne in 527
6
Q
Justinian’s accomplishments?
A
- gained control of almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled
- creation of the Justinian Code
- rebuilt Constantinople
- built Hagia Sophia
- head of both church and state
7
Q
Justinian’s Code
A
After sifting through 400 years of Roman Law, many laws were outdated, so they created a single, uniform code known as the Justinian Code
8
Q
Justinian’s Code consisted of which 4 works?
A
- the Code (nearly 5,000 Roman laws are still considered useful)
- The Digest (quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws)
- The Institutes (textbook that told law students how to use the laws)
- The Novellae (New Laws)
9
Q
Some areas that Justinian’s Code addressed?
A
Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women’s rights, and criminal justice
10
Q
Justinian’s Code served the Byzantine Empire for how many years?
A
900 years
11
Q
Who was Theodora?
A
An actress, stage dancer, and mistress toa governor
12
Q
Theodora converted to monophysitism. What is it?
A
branch of orthodox Christianity that says Christ maintains one nature - human to divine
13
Q
Who’s mistress, and later wife was Theodora?
A
Justinian’s
14
Q
Theodora’s political influence
A
- met with foreign diplomats
- wrote to foreign leaders
- passed laws
- built churches
15
Q
Nika rebellion
A
a mob demanded Justinian be overthrown.
Justinian considered fleeing, but theodora said it is not a good idea to flee
16
Q
Theodora and woman’s rights
A
- laws that let a women on stage were abandoned
- allowed daughters to have equal rights
- made sure that the children of female slaves were not slaves
17
Q
When and how did Theodora die?
A
she dies of cancer in 548
18
Q
What happened to Justinian’s rule after Theodora’s death?
A
Justinian’s rule declined steadily and he passed no major laws for the rest of his reign
19
Q
Byzantine art was marked by?
A
frescoes and mosiacs
20
Q
Justinian had workers who?
A
rebuilt Constantinople’s crumbling fortifications
21
Q
Justinian’s passion
A
church-building
22
Q
Hagia Sophia
A
“Holy Wisdom” in Greek
23
Q
Justinian also built?
A
baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, hospitals, and expanded his palace into a vast complex
24
Q
Mese
A
middle way (main street)
25
Constantinople as a center for trade:
- merchant stalls lined streets
- products sold from Asia, Africa, and Europe
- food stands sold different types of food
- acrobats and street musicians performed
26
What did the Hippodrome offer?
chariot races and performance acts
27
Hippodrome held how many spectators?
60,000
28
Constantinople as a center for religion
numerous churches (most famous is the Hagia Sophia)
29
In 1204, crusading knights from Europe did what?
robbed and sacked Constantinople
30
What happened to Constantinople in 1453?
falls to Ottoman Turks (Constantinople was renamed Istanbul)
31
In 312, Constantine legalized?
Christianity (Also moved capital to Byzantium
32
Who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380?
Theodosius
33
Christianity became the dominant religion in?
The byzantine empire when the western Roman empire fell
34
Byzantine Christianity
Latin Christianity developed in such a way that the Pope became the solidified leader in religious affairs
35
Byzantine Christianity differences
- enormous religious authority was given to the emperor
| - led to eventual problems between the western and eastern churches
36
Why did Christianity begin to develop differently in the Western and Eastern empires?
because of the lack of contact between the 2 regions
37
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
built heritage on the works of early church fathers (even the patriarch bowed to the emperor)
38
Emperor Leo III
Banned the use of icons
39
Who supported the use of icons?
western pope
40
the pope and patriarch did what to each other?
threw each other out of the church in a dispute over religious doctrine
41
Christianity split into east and west. Who was in each?
```
East = eastern orthodox church
West = Roman orthodox church
```
42
Orthodox missionaries took their form of Christianity to the?
Slavs - a group that lived in the forests north of the Black Sea
43
The alphabet that missionaries invented for the Slavic languages so they could read the Bible in their native tongue, was called?
the Cyrillic alphabet
44
Vikings in Russia
Small bands of adventurers from the north (called Varangians, or Rus) mixed with the Slavic people living in modern-day Russia - [they were Vikings]
45
The vikings built forts along which rivers?
Dnieper, Don, and Volga rivers
46
What does legend say about the Viking chief?
Slavs invited the viking chief Rurik to be their king
47
Where did the Viking Chief live after becoming king?
Novgorod (Russia's first important city)
48
Who was Oleg?
A nobleman from Novgorod who moved south to Kiev (city in Dnieper)
49
What did vikings do in Constantinople, and how did they get there?
From Kiev, vikings could sail by river and sea to Constantinople, and trade for products
50
Who married viking nobles?
vikings married their Slavic subjects and eventually , the line between Slavs and viking vanished
51
How did Kiev become linked to Constantinople?
- Princess Olga, a member of the Kievan nobility, visited Constantinople
- She publicly converted to Christianity
- Governed until her son was old enough to rule
52
What did Vladimir, princess Olga's grandson, do when he came to the throne?
He sent teams to observe the major religions of the time
53
Vladimir converted to?
Byzantine Christianity (made his subjects convert too)
54
How did Yaroslav (Vladimir's son) help Kiev after he came to power?
- married his daughters and sisters with kings and princes of western Europe to create trade connections
- created a legal code
- built libraries and churches
55
Kiev's decline
- Yaroslav's sons tore the state of Kiev apart fighting against each other for territory
- Crusades disrupted trade
- Mongols attacked and demolished Kiev and took over
56
Mongol influence in Russia
Isolated Russia from the west thus developing differently
57
After Russia was occupied by the mongols for 200 years, Russians?
finally broke free
58
Ivan III
Openly challenged mongol rule, took the title of "Czar" (Caesar), claimed to make Russia the "3rd Rome"
59
Ivan refused to?
pay tribute to the Mongols
60
Rise of the mongols led to?
Problems between steppe nomads and settled communities
61
Because of scarcities and hardships of their lifestyle, steppe nomads?
Raided towns and villages to get pasture lands for their herds and resources for survival
62
Another name for Genghis Khan?
Temujin
63
Genghis khan accepted what title?
"Universal ruler"
64
Genghis khan defeated?
His rivals one by one
65
3 Characteristics of Genghis khan's success?
- brilliant organizer
- gifted strategist
- used cruelty as a weapon
66
Genghis khan - brilliant organizer
- Armies of 10,000
- 1,000-man brigades
- 100-man companies
- 10-man squads
67
Genghis khan - gifted strategist
- used various tricks to confuse the enemy
- attack, pretend to gallop away, enemies chase, come back and fight
- gifted horseback riders (ride backwards, shoot bow and arrows)
68
Genghis khan - cruelty
- terrified enemies into surrender
| - if a city refused to open their gates to him, he might kill the entire population when he finally captured it
69
The Khanates
- Mongols who ruled ruthlessly at first, destroying the land and wiping out populations
70
The khanates later adopted aspects of the cultures they ruled and imposed?
Stability, law, and order
71
The khanates eventually split up due to?
Cultural differences
72
Pax Mongolia
Mongol peace, a period of peace from mid - 1200s to the mid - 1300s
73
What did the pax Mongolia affect?
- Made travel and trade safer
| - promoted the exchange of goods and ideas
74
End of pax Mongolia led to?
Disorder
75
Kublai khan
- Grandson of Genghis khan
- gained control of China in 1279 and united them for the first time in 300 years
- called his dynasty the "yuan dynasty"
76
What is Kublai khan known as?
The great khan
77
What did Kublai Khan call his dynasty?
Yuan dynasty
78
What did Kublai khan do?
- Built palaces in Shangdu and modern-day Beijing
- moved his capital from Mongolia to China
- kept mongol identity, but tolerated Chinese culture, and kept Chinese officials in local gov't
- gave most high gov't positions to foreigners (because they believed they were more trustworthy)
79
Marco Polo
- Venetian trader
- traveled to China and visited Kublai Khan's court
- served Kublai khan for 17 years
- when returning to Italy, he was imprisoned during a war with a rival city
80
Mongol Empire: expanded trade
- made caravan routes across Asia
- established mail routes to link China with India and Persia
- greatly improved trades
- invited foreign merchants to visit China
81
Legacy of Yuan dynasty for China
- united china
- expanded foreign companies contacts
- made few changes to Chinese culture and system of gov't
82
Reasons for the fall of Yuan dynasty
- Civil discontent: because of famine, floods, and disease
- economic: problems and official corruption
- power: struggles among Yuan family members
- rebellions: of Chinese
83
Which Russian city was the first to establish major trade connections with Constantinople?
Kiev
84
Superior military skills were primarily responsible for the success of the mongol Empire
True or false
True
85
After 200 years of mongol occupation became the first czar of Russia
Ivan III
86
When the Mongols took control of Russia, the capital was moved from Kiev to?
Moscow
87
Genghis khan, use of the stirrup, and excellent horsemanship skills contributed directly to the?
Rise of the mongol Empire
88
Towns refusing to give in to the mongols were brutally killed and the towns burned down
True
89
How were religious differences treated under mongol rule?
They tolerated all religions in their Empire
90
How did peter the great inherit the throne of Russia?
Family origin
91
Economically, early Modern Russia was?
Largely agricultural and dependent on Western trade
92
Yaroslav the wise help Kiev rise to power with all of the following except?
- created a legal code
- Married off sisters and daughters
- married a mongol princess
- built libraries and churches
Married a mongol princess
93
Vladimir, olga's grandson, sent teams to study which 4 foreign religions?
Islam, Judaism, eastern and western Christianity
