C Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
What was pre- 1780 Britain like?
A
- Lack of transport
- Low literacy skills
- Violent society
- Agriculture
- Two tiered class system
- Worked everyday and had little time off, only religious holidays
2
Q
What is an example of popular recreation?
A
Mob football
3
Q
What are the features of mob football?
A
- Damage to properties
- Alcohol consumption
- People injured
- Gambling
- Basic equipment
- No written rules
- No boundaries
- No limit on players
- Local so all varied
- Male dominated
4
Q
What’s an example of rational recreation?
A
Real tennis
5
Q
What are the characteristics of real tennis?
A
- Rules were the same and could be shared
- National and international tournaments
- Not violent and structured
- Stopped lower class playing
- Purpose built facilities and equipment
- Could play more so higher level of skill
- Spectators for pleasure
- Played by the king
6
Q
What do popular recreation and rational recreation have in common?
A
- Male dominated
- Gambling
- Alcohol
7
Q
How did health and hygiene improve rationally recreation?
A
- Public baths created
- People are healthier so more participated
8
Q
How did improved income and wages improve rationally recreation?
A
- People had more money do needed entertainment
- Improved working conditions
9
Q
How did industrial patronage (factories) improve rationally recreation?
A
- Factories did half days
- Broken time payments
- Middle class could emphasise with lower class
- Factory teams lead to leagues forming
10
Q
How did transport and communication revolutions improve rationally recreation?
A
- Able to travel to participate in leagues
- Lead to written rules
- More literate people so used newspapers
- Trains
11
Q
How did development of a middle class improve rationally recreation?
A
- Controllers of sport
- Had factories
- Wanted to replicate upper class
- Often more educated and had time
12
Q
How did ex public school boys improve rationally recreation?
A
- Took their rules
- Made fixtures
- Founded organisations
- Had influence and power
- Good education
- Philanthropists
13
Q
What is a philanthropist
A
People doing it for the sake of good
14
Q
How did values of athleticism improve rationally recreation?
A
- Church
- Wanted people to have good morals
- Had teams
- Didn’t want people to be violent
- Had influence and land
- Muscular Christianity, more people attend church
15
Q
What is muscular Christianity?
A
Morally good and healthy physically
16
Q
Describe the Wenlock Games
A
- 1850
- WARS, wenlock agricultural reading society formed Olympic class
- Became wenlock Olympic Games
- Promotes moral, physical, intellectual improvements to lower class playing
Dr William Penny Brooks - philanthropist
17
Q
What is an amateur?
A
A person who plays sport for the love of it and no financial gain
18
Q
What is a professional?
A
A person who plays sport for financial gain (working class men)
19
Q
What is a gentleman amateur?
A
- Never train
- Always play fair
- Not tied to one sport
- Upper class
20
Q
Describe a gentleman amateur in the late 19th century
A
- High morality, emphasis on taking part, fair play and sportsmanship
- Wealthy
- No desire to win or improve performance
- Played many sports
- Valued health and fitness
21
Q
Describe a professional in the late 19th century
A
- Poor
- Working class
- Committed to train and play as well as possible
- Little free time due to long working hours
- Low morality, winning was important
- Specialised in sports
- Open to bribes and would cheat
22
Q
What are the positives of gentle men amateurs in the late 19th century?
A
- Significant in formation of NGB’s
- Code of ethics, acceptance of rules
- Played for the love of sport
- New middle class admired the cultural values and played sport according to these rules
23
Q
What are the positives of professionals in the late 19th century?
A
- Standards of performance improved
- Served as extra income
- Onset of commercialisation and media coverage of sport
- Earning money from sport was seen as an avenue of social mobility
24
Q
Describe a modern day amateur
A
- Lower level of performance
- More likely to work
- Less sportsmanship
- Ettiquet of sport is being undercut
- People don’t want to be amateurs anymore
- Hard to be a full amateur
25
Describe a modern day professional
- Wealthy
- Seen much higher in society
- Can completely give up work
- Leads to further career opportunities
- Social mobility
- More cheating as larger rewards
- Very little sportsmanship
- All classes
- Role models
- More spectators
26
Describe emergence of women in football
- Fastest growing sport
- UEFA set up competitions and increased media coverage
- Increased popularity based on national team success
- ‘Women’s super league’ so could play professionally
- FA drives women participation
- Girls teams in schools
- Officials ‘women’s referee development pathway’
27
Describe the emergence of women in tennis
- Developed in back gardens
- Minimum exercise and long sleeved and high neck dresses could be worn
- Was played leisurely so women didn’t sweat wasn’t unladylike like
- Acceptable for both sexes to play together
- 1926 first professional comp
- Lead to shamaturism
- 1968 open era
- 2007 equal pay
28
Describe the emergence of women in athletics
- AAC (1860) excluded working class
- Became AAA (1880) open era
- Women’s AAA (1922)
- 2010 Diamond league
- 1996 allowed to triple jump
- 2006 allowed to do hammer
- 2012 first olympics where women could do all events
29
Describe social media and sport
- Accessibility
- Unlimited news
- Get direct payment for following
- Free to use
- Adverts, sponsorship
- Individuals can have own identity
- Can get news at any time
- Can push advertisements
- Raise individual profile
- Can become role models
30
What are negatives if social media?
- Reputation can be tarnished in seconds
- Anyone can looks bad
- Sense of entitlement
- Financial consequences
31
What is a society?
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
32
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of societies learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and role in order to ‘fit in’
33
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
34
What is primary socialisation?
- Early years of childhood
- Immediate family
- Internalisation of society culture where values are absorbed and accepted
- Play is often seen as a key socialisation process
35
What is secondary socialisation?
- Occurs during later years, adolescents and adults
- Agencies set up to promote socialisation and have more influence (school,peers)
- Can teach important moral skills (teamwork,cooperation)
- Social media can have an impact
36
What is gender socialisation?
Involves the learning of behaviour and attitudes historically considered appropriate a given sex
37
What are examples of gender socialisation?
Girls - non contact sports, more aesthetic (dance)
Boys - violent, aggressive (rugby)
38
What is social control?
Refers to the way in which people are regulated in social systems
39
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society
40
Describe this girl can
- Breaks stereotypes on body shape and types
- Get more women into sport
- Stop people thinking you have to stop after having a family
- Age and ethnicity doesn’t matter
Funding
Powerful role models
Practical accessibility
Coaches
Showcase successful stories
Education
41
How does socio-economic class affect social change?
- Attitudes of parents for certain sports
- Need more role models
- How people are educated
- Family reputation
- Fit into society
- Parents beliefs
- No power to do something about it due to status in society
- Stereotypes
42
Describe women vs men’s sports
- Health, childcare and pregnancy
- Seen as needed to look after home
- Men’s ideas/viewpoints
- Media’s target in sport and products
- Judgement in taking kids to sport and taking part while pregnant
- More likely to have to give up work
- Less disposable income
43
What is social stratification?
A type of social inequality and the division of a society into different levels in the basis of a ‘social characteristic’ such as wealth or status
44
What is a social class?
A term used to define social inequalities, certain groups have more access to wealth, income and power
45
Evidence that social stratification exists
- Nature of sport is to show dominance
- Real world social class impact involvement such as disposable income so who pays
- Participation is lower in underrepresented groups
- Traditional positions of power in uk are held by middle class males these could influence decisions
46
Evidence social stratification doesn’t exist
- Everybody plays by the same rules, leave behind their ‘normal’ lives, new athletic identity
- Athletes receive the same rewards for success regardless of wealth
- Devision making roles could be from anyone on the team (captain)
47
Describe private schools
- More and better facilities
- specialist coaches vs teachers
- More training hours
- More opportunities to play abroad
- Links to already established clubs
- Better equipment and own equipment
- Play at a higher standard
- Transport
- Access to role models
- Watch higher level sport so inspiration
- Additional coaching
- May have new technology
- Better nutrition so less injuries and illness
48
What are the attempts to overcome stratification in schools?
- National curriculum
Amount of time to take part
Variety of sports
Some team sports
Competition
Swimming
- Club links
- Offer a range of clubs that are free
- Grants and funding opportunities
- Competitions
- Lend shirts and equipment
49
What is the definition of social action theory?
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
50
What is a progression?
The process of gradually progressing towards a more advanced state
51
What is social action theory?
- A way of viewing socialisation
- Sport is created and produced through social network of people with similar views
- It’s determined by the power people have
- People can intervene with social processes and change them
52
What are the links of social action theory to sport?
- Give power to the people who can implicate social change (lower participating groups)
- Initiatives to change sports can impact on society
SURFING ——> SNOWBOARDING
Individuals make decisions over time
53
What is Sport England?
Organisation to get more people into sports
Start Stay Succeed
54
What are the main underrepresented groups?
- Disability
- Females
- Ethnic minorities
- Mothers and working women
- Older people
- Children
- Mental health
- Socio-economic
55
How is gender a reason for difference in participation? Women
- Lack of clubs
- Lack if role models
- Pregnancy
- Attitudes others and historical
- Stereotypes
56
How is sexuality a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of confidence
- Lack of role models
- Lack of support
- Stereotypes
- Attitudes
- Discrimination
57
How is socio-economic a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of clubs
- Schooling
- Cost of participating
- Lack of time
- Lack of responsibility
- Longer work hours
- Attitudes
- Lack of role models
- Cost of equipment, memberships and competitions
58
How is age a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of accessibility
- Stereotypes
- Lack of confidence
59
How is religion a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of confidence
- Discrimination
- Attitudes
- Lack of role models
- Stereotypes
60
How is ethnic minorities a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of role models
- Discrimination
- Attitudes
- Stereotypes
- Lack of confidence
- Lack of accessibility in urban areas
61
How is disability a reason for difference in participation?
- Lack of accessibility
- Less coaches
- Cost of equipment
- Stereotypes
- Attitudes
62
What is overt discrimination?
Visible and obvious such as racist abuse
63
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden and less obvious such as not picking someone for a captain based on race
64
When was the FA founded?
1863
65
When was the LTA founded?
1888
66
When was the RFU founded?
1871
67
Why did NGB’s develop?
- Public school boys played different rules so needed to combine them into one set
- Threats of professionalism, only amateurs allowed
- New leagues required
- Control social order
- Enforce safety (stadiums must have seats)
- New fixtures in more places
- Amateur ideas, moral values
68
How is race combatted in social change? Pros and cons
Show racism the red card
+ National and wide audience
+ Improves confidence
+ Free
- Hard to measure impact
69
How is gender combatted in social change? Pros and cons
This girl can
+ Improves confidence and stereotypes
+ Improves skills in sport that can be taken into everyday life
+ National
- Hard to measure impact
- Expensive
70
How is social-economic status combatted in social change? Pros and cons
Snow camp
+ Overcome lack of role models
+ Free so gives people a chance to skii
+ Develop confidence and skill
- Involves low numbers
- Only impacts those involved
71
How is disability combatted in social change? Pros and cons
Visually impaired rugby
+ Making sport inclusive
+ All social-economic statuses
+ Improves confidence
- Involves volunteers
- Often only small numbers in a small area
72
How to drive social change?
- Drive initiatives
- National curriculum
- Media coverage and media representation
- More women coaching
- Representation in NGB’s
- Access to facilities such as crèches
73
What is stacking?
Putting people into certain sport position based on stereotypes
74
What is chanelling?
Pushing people into sports based on stereotypes
75
What is the Rooney rule?
Requires all clubs to interview at least 1 black, Asian, or ethnic minority candidate for each head coach or managerial role
76
What is Uniting the movement and what are its targets and the benefits?
A 10 year vision to transform lives and communities through sports and physical activities
Targets:
- Invest in sport and physical activities to make it a normal part of life for everyone in England
- Tackling inequalities
- Active environments
- Promote movement and participation
- Positive experience
Benefits:
- Physical health
- Community
77
Who finds Sport England?
National lottery and Government
78
Why invest in county sport partnerships? CSP’s
- Equal opportunities
- Natural talent
- Help participation
- Create opportunities
- Right facilities
- Support funding
79
NGB’s have to have a what to get fundraising?
Whole sport plan
80
Describe local partnerships of Sport England
- 49 CSP
- Work with schools, clubs
- Aim to increase participation
- Offer expert help to develop sports
- Outreach teams work across religions
- Work with NGB’s
- Create opportunities for young people
- Right facilities in right places
- opportunities for communities
81
Describe national partners of Sport England
- EFD’s
- Invest in NGB’s
- Sporting equals
- Women in sport
