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chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety > c. biological effects of radiation part 3 > Flashcards

c. biological effects of radiation part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The________ shown by an organ that received radiation depends on the radiation dose, the volume of the tissue and the radiation field, the radiosensitivity of the cells involved, and the time that has elapsed since the radiation was delivered

A

level of response

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2
Q

after radiation damage organs can

A

regenerate or reapair

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3
Q

____= replace the damaged cells with the same cell type

A

regenerate

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4
Q

regeneration can lead to a partial or complete reversal of

A

radiation damage

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5
Q

____= replace the damaged cells with a different cell type. Can lead to scar formation or fibrosis

A

repair

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6
Q

Repair occurs when this occurs when parenchymal cells are

A

destroyed

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7
Q

Repair occurs at doses greater than

A

1000 cGy

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8
Q

when damage is so great that regeneration and repair are unattainable, _____ can occur

A

necrosis

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9
Q

radiation damage is shown quicker in cells with shorter _____

A

mitotic cycles

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10
Q

rapidly dividing cells are more ______

A

radiosensitive

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11
Q

skin reacts more quickly and more severely to radiation compared with more radioresistant organs such as the

A

lungs

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12
Q

What is TD 5/5 of ovary- whole organ

A

200-300 cGy

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13
Q

What is TD 5/5 of Testis- whole organ

A

100 cGy

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14
Q

What is the TD 5/5 of skin

A

5500 cGy

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15
Q

What is the TD 5/5 of bone marrow?

A

250 cGy

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16
Q

Carcinogenesis is also known as the formation of

A

cancer cells

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17
Q

Carcinogenesis is a stochastic effect and has no

A

threshold

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18
Q

any dose of radiation may cause

A

carcinogenesis

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19
Q

a common example of something that leads to Carcinogenesis is

A

radiation

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20
Q

the __________ are the most radiosensitive stages of human life

A

embryo and fetus

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21
Q

radiation to the embryo and fetus can be lethal or lead to congenital ______

A

abnormalities/effects

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22
Q

if the fetus is exposed to radiation the effect caused by radiation are typically

A

present at birth

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23
Q

if the sperm or ovum is irradiated the radiation effects may be shown

A

later in life

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24
Q

when exposure to radiation occurs in the pre-implantation stage, day 0 to 10 of gestation, the most common effect is

A

prenatal death

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25
Q

when exposure occurs during the stage of major organogenesis, day 10 to week six of gestation, the most common effect are

A

abnormalities or neonatal death

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26
Q

some examples of abnormalities from radiation exposure in the stage of major organogenesis are

A

microcephaly, mental retardation, in damage to the skeleton or sensory organs

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27
Q

the risk of radiation effects are _____when the fetus is exposed to radiation, week six of gestation to birth

A

decreased

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28
Q

Early effects from radiation occur within _______ of radiation treatment

A

six months

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29
Q

early radiation responses have a threshold for

A

dose response relationship

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30
Q

a minimum dose is required to produce a response for early effects after this minimum dose has been exceeded the severity of response increases as the

A

dose increase

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31
Q

what are some examples of early effects from radiation?

A

Nausea, hair loss, fatigue, and skin erythema

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32
Q

____effects from radiation occur six months after the radiation treatment

A

late

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33
Q

for late effects there’s a latent, or a time between when radiation damage occurs and when radiation effects are

A

shown

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34
Q

late effects depend on dose per.

A

fraction

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35
Q

the ______ the dose per fraction the more severe late effect will be

A

higher

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36
Q

What are some examples of late effects?

A

Fibrosis, scarring, genetic effects, carcinogenicity, leukemia, short lifespan, cataracts

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37
Q

_______ radiation responses are common for high dose exposure and early responses

A

Deterministic( non stochastic)

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38
Q

deterministic effects occur depending on the severity of the radiation

A

dose

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39
Q

deterministic effects have

A

a threshold

40
Q

Deterministic effects or where different doses can cause

A

different effects

41
Q

some examples of deterministic effects are

A

cataracts and erythema

42
Q

_________- radiation responses are common for low dose exposure and late responses

A

Stochastic

43
Q

stochastic effects have a probability of occurring depending on the radiation

A

dose

44
Q

stochastic effects occur by

A

chance

45
Q

examples of stochastic effects are

A

cancer, leukemia or genetic effects

46
Q

T/F there is no threshold for stochastic effects

A

true

47
Q

_____changes occur when there is damage to and a reduction in the parenchymal cells of the organ

A

Acute

48
Q

what are some examples of acute changes?

A

Inflammation edema or hemorrhage

49
Q

_____ changes occur when there is a reduction in non parenchymal cells, or stromal and vascular cells

A

chronic

50
Q

what are some examples of chronic changes?

A

Fibrosis, atrophy and ulceration

51
Q

_____ changes are permanent and cannot be reversed

A

chronic

52
Q

this severe chronic change of all is

A

necrosis or death

53
Q

_____ radiation syndromes occur with high doses of radiation and penetrate internal organs

A

Acute

54
Q

for acute radiation syndrome exposure occurs within a

A

short time span- within minutes

55
Q

radiation sources include high energy X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons that can cause

A

acute radiation syndromes

56
Q

there are three acute radiation syndromes according to the CDC which are;

A

hematopoietic ,

gastrointestinal ,

cerebrovascular (CV)\ central nervous system(CNS) syndrome

57
Q

hematopoietic syndrome is also known as

A

bone marrow syndrome

58
Q

hematopoietic syndrome occurs with doses from

A

0.7 to 10 gy

1000 cGy

59
Q

hematopoietic syndrome main cause of death is destruction of bone marrow that leads to

A

infection or hemorrhage

60
Q

mean survival time for hematopoietic syndrome is

A

a few months

  • 3 weeks to 2 months
61
Q

for hematopoietic syndrome recovery is possible as bone marrow cells ___

A

repopulate

62
Q

hematopoietic syndrome chance of survival decreases as dose

A

increases

63
Q

hematopoietic system is the most _____ system

A

sensitive

64
Q

gastrointestinal syndrome occurs with doses greater than

A

10 Gy

65
Q

for gastrointestinal syndrome the main cause of death is irreparable changes to the GI tract and bone marrow that leads to

A

infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance

66
Q

the mean survival time for gastrointestinal syndrome is

A

2 weeks

67
Q

CV/CNS syndrome occurs with doses greater than

A

50 Gy

68
Q

For CV/CNS syndrome The main cause of death is due to increased pressure in cranium from increased

A

fluid, edema, vasculitis, and meningitis

69
Q

For CV/CNS syndrome there is no chance of

A

recovery

70
Q

There are four stages of acute radiation syndromes:

A

prodromal, Latent , manifest , and recovery or death

71
Q

____ stage: symptoms include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and / or diarrhea

A

Prodromal

72
Q

systems for prodromal stage include

A

nausea vomiting anorexia, and/or diarrhea

73
Q

the prodromal stage can last ?

A
  • 2 hours - 2 days for hematopoietic
  • hours - 2 days for gI
  • minutes - hours for CNS
74
Q

During the ___stage patient looks and feels healthy

A

latent

75
Q

the latency stage lasts a

A

few hours to a few weeks

76
Q

for the prodromal stage symptoms occur within or last

A

minutes or days after exposure

77
Q

manifest illness stage: symptoms are syndrome specific and last from

A

hours to months

78
Q

_____ syndrome symptoms include anorexia, fever, reduced blood cell counts, malaise

A

hematopoietic

79
Q

_____ syndrome symptoms include watery diarrhea, convulsions, and coma

A

Cv/Cns

80
Q

______ syndrome symptoms include malaise, anorexia, severe diarrhea, fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance

A

gastrointestinal

81
Q

Recovery from acute radiation syndromes can take up to

A

two years

82
Q

for acute radiation syndromes time to reach death is dependent on syndrome if

A

recovery is not possible

83
Q

__________ : is the total dose to gonads that would result in total genetic effects on the population if received by every member of the population

A

genetically significant dose (GSD)

84
Q

if possible death will be

A
85
Q

what is GSD

A

genetically significant dose

  • the dose that would create genetic effects member of the populations received this dose
  • dose is delivered to gonads
86
Q

to best calculate GSD
- the age,
- gender,

expected number of children for each person is

A

taken into consideration

87
Q

the GSD for the US is

A

20 mrad/year

88
Q

____ is The dose of radiation to healthy tissue that will cause a 5% chance of complication within five years of the delivered dose

A

TD 5/5

89
Q

each organ will have different adverse effect

A

radiation doses

90
Q

when less of the organ is involved in the radiation field it can tolerate ____

A

more dose

91
Q

as the amount of the organ involved increases from 1/3 to 3/3 the tolerance dose ___

A

reduces

92
Q

T/D 5/5 on other section

A

do them

93
Q

“repopulation”

A

remaining cells repopulate

94
Q

“redistribution”

A

cells transition to a more radiosensitive cell cycle (M & G2)

95
Q

“Repair of sublethal damage”

A

Healthy tissues repair when oxygenated (malignant cells are Hypoxic cannot easily repair)

96
Q

Reoxygenation

A

Hypoxic cells become oxygenated and more radiosensative

chapter 2 radiation safety part 1 radiation safety (6 decks)

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