Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Funf > C&D 1: History of Toxicology > Flashcards

C&D 1: History of Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

toxicokinetics

A

how the organism affects the chemical (ADME)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

toxicodynamics

A

how the chemical affects the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shennong

A

~2800 B.C. founder of Chinese herbal medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mithridates

A

~120 B.C. ruler in ancient Turkey trying to discover a universal antidote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hemlock

A

affects CNS and produces asphyxiation; Socrates chose to be executed this way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hercules

A

ancient Greece; dipped arrows in venom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Achilles

A

ancient Greece; in Homer’s Iliad, killed by poison arrow to the heel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dioscorides

A

~40 A.D.; ancient Rome; collected herbs and wrote about plant & animal toxins on his travels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Galen

A

~129 A.D.; ancient Rome; physician of Marcus Aurelius; founder of theory of humors (blood, bile, phlegm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Paracelsus

A

~1500; Middle Ages; Switzerland; dose-response concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ramazzini

A

1700’s; Italy; father of occupational medicine; recognized connection between occupation and illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Percival Pott

A

1700’s; England; recognized link between chimney sweeps and scrotal cancer, now known to be due to BaP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

James Marsh

A

1800s; England; father of analytical chemistry; developed method for detecting arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Orfila

A

1800s; Spain; father of forensic toxicology; used Marsh test to detect whether people had been exposed to arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Claude Bernard

A

1800s; France; studied mechanism of curare toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Roentgen

A

1895; discovered x-rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Radium girls

A

1920’s; painted clock hands with radium; oral exposure; >50 died

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

A

1945; atomic bombs in WWII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chernobyl

A

1986; Ukraine; nuclear plant meltdown

20
Q

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

A

1906; exposed meat packing industry unsanitary conditions

21
Q

tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP)

A

1920’s Prohibition; added to medicinal alcohol as bittering agent; resulted in ginger-Jake paralysis of hands and feet

22
Q

diethylene glycol (DEG)

A

first used as solvent for medicines in 1930s; resulted in kidney failure in children due to formation of oxalic acid in kidney tubules

23
Q

thalidomide

A

1950’s; Europe; anti-nausea drug for pregnant women; teratogen

24
Q

Frances Kelsey

A

1950’s; FDA toxicologist who required additional testing of thalidomide before approval; was never approved in the U.S. because of her

25
Q

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

1940s; drug to prevent miscarriages; female babies grew into teenagers with higher incidence of rare form of vaginal cancer; first example of transplacental carcinogenesis

26
Q

chlorine gas

A

chemical warfare agent used by Germans in WWII

27
Q

tabun

A

chemical warfare agent developed when testing/developing new organophosphate insecticides

28
Q

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACh) results in?

A

excess ACh signaling ➡ SLUD syndrome & death

29
Q

SLUD syndrome

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation

30
Q

DDT

A

1940’s; ecotoxicant; increased fragility of eggshells; ⬇ bird population; inspiration for Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1960’s

31
Q

Hitler suicide

A

1945; cyanide

32
Q

Jim Jones

A

1970’s; cult of 900 followers died by cyanide suicide

33
Q

George Markov

A

1970s; Bulgarian dissident killed by umbrella tip poisoned with ricin

34
Q

Tokyo subway car poisoning

A

1990s; sarin (organophosphate chemical warfare gas)

35
Q

Viktor Yushchenko

A

2004; President of Ukraine; poisoned by dioxin

36
Q

chloracne

A

severe facial disfigurement caused by dioxin poisoning

37
Q

Alexander Litvinenko

A

2006; former Russian FSB officer killed by polonium 210

38
Q

Kim Jong-nam

A

2017; Kim Jong-Un’s brother killed in Malaysian airport by VX, an organophosphate nerve agent

39
Q

Donora, PA smog

A

1940’s; air inversion caused mass poisoning by severe air pollution

40
Q

Great Smog of London

A

1950’s; mass poisoning by severe air pollution

41
Q

Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, OH

A

1950’s; caught fire due to severe industrial pollution

42
Q

methyl isocyanate

A

1984; India; mass poisoning due to release from an insecticide plant

43
Q

Minamata Bay

A

1950’s; Japan; methylmercury exposure due to fish ingestion caused CNS toxicity

44
Q

itai-itai disease

A

1960’s; Japan; cadmium release by mining operation into river used for drinking water; manifests as brittle bones and many broken bones on x-rays

45
Q

Seveso, Italy

A

1970’s; industrial explosion resulted in dioxin exposure and main effect report was chloracne

Funf (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions