C. Measurement, Data Display, and Interpretation

Question 1

Data

Answer 1

quantification of behavior change with direct and repeated measurement

Question 2

Occurrence Data

Answer 2

Frequency, Rate, and Percentage

Question 3

Count

Answer 3

Frequency - How often/many times a behavior occurs.

Question 4

Rate

Answer 4

How often a behavior occurs over an amount of time.

Question 5

Celeration

Answer 5

Measures how rates of responding change over time (rate/per unit of time).

Question 6

Percentage

Answer 6

A measurement expressed as a portion of each hundred.

Question 7

Trials to Criterion

Answer 7

A form of event recording. It is a derivative measure, calculated by measuring the number of practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve the pre-established criterion.

Question 8

Duration

Answer 8

the amount of time a behavior happens

Question 9

Latency

Answer 9

The amount of time between the antecedent (SD) and the start of the behavior.

Question 10

Inter Response Time (IRT)

Answer 10

The amount of time between successive responses. (i.e. the end of one response to the beginning of another response.)

Question 11

Topography

Answer 11

The way the behavior looks.

Question 12

Magnitude

Answer 12

the intensity of the behavior

Question 13

Direct Measures of Behavior

Answer 13

A way of taking data on a behavior of interest by observing the behavior itself and recording observable and measurable information about it.

Question 14

Indirect Measures of Behavior

Answer 14

Data that are obtained by interviews, checklists and rating scales which include an individual’s subjective experience of target behavior. Indirect measures still gather information about the behavior of interest using interactions with people, but not through direct observation. Depending on the case, information could be gathered from the primary client themselves as well as other stakeholders.

Question 15

Product Measures

Answer 15

Measuring a behavior after it occurred by examining the effects the behavior produced on the environment. Unlike direct and indirect measures, product measures sometimes do not involve people at all.

Question 16

Whole Interval Recording

Answer 16

the observer marks down whether or not a behavior occurred throughout the entirety of the interval

Question 17

Partial Interval Recording

Answer 17

the observer marks down whether or not a behavior occurred at all during the interval

Question 18

Momentary Time Sampling

Answer 18

the observer marks down whether or not the behavior was occurring at the moment the interval ended

Question 19

Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)

Answer 19

involves an observer recording a tally of the number of learners engaged in an activity at the end of an interval

Question 20

Validity

Answer 20

The extent to which we are measuring what we intend to measure. In other words, do our data points actually represent what we think/say they do?

Question 21

Accuracy

Answer 21

The extent to which the observed value, the quantitative label produced by measure an event, matches the true state, or true value. Does the data match what actually occurred?

Question 22

Reliability

Answer 22

The extent to which a measurement procedure produces the same value repeatedly. In other words, can you rely on it?

Question 23

Measurement Artifact

Answer 23

data that appear to exist, but only because of the way that they were measured

Question 24

Observer Drift

Answer 24

An unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over time that results in a measurement error. This happens when the behavior being measure is not clearly operationally defined or the operational definition clarifying what is and what is not the behavior is not reviewed regularly.

Question 25

Measurement Bias

Answer 25

Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

Question 26

Observer Reactivity

Answer 26

An error in measurement that occurs when someone is watching you take data.

Question 27

Interobserver Agreement (IOA)

Answer 27

is the extent to which two different observers agree about the occurrence of a behavior or a specific metric of a behavior

Question 28

Total Count IOA

Answer 28

Compares the total sum of frequency data from each observer. It can be calculated as: IOA % = (Smaller sum / larger sum) x 100

Question 29

Mean count-per-interval IOA/ Partial Agreement within Intervals IOA

Answer 29

is used to determine the average percentage of agreement between observers within each of the intervals. You have to complete two different formulas to calculate the final IOA percentage. The first formula must be done for each and every interval. The second formula is used to calculate the final IOA percentage at the end. Formula 1: Agreement % = (Smaller observation / larger observation) x 100 Formula 2: Partial agreement within intervals % = (Sum of % agreement / # of intervals)

Question 30

Exact count-per-interval IOA/ Exact Agreement IOA

Answer 30

is an even stricter measure of agreement than total count or partial agreement. It is a measure of the percentage of intervals in which both observers record the same data. It can be calculated as: Exact agreement % = (# of exact agreement intervals / # of intervals) x 100

Question 31

Trial by Trial IOA

Answer 31

is similar to exact agreement but can be used with non-numerical data as well (such as when an observer records “yes”/“no”). It also does not necessarily have to involve interval data. Calculates the percentage of trials in which the observers agree. The formula can be written as: Trial-by-trial % = (# of agreement trials / # of trials) x 100

Question 32

Total Duration IOA

Answer 32

is the time-based sibling of total count IOA. It compares the sum of each observer’s duration recordings with one another. It can be calculated by using this formula: Total duration IOA % = (Smaller sum / larger sum) x 100

Question 33

Mean Duration-per-occurrence IOA

Answer 33

is used to determine the average percentage of agreement between observers for each occurrence. Much like partial agreement within intervals, you must use two formulas. Formula 1: Agreement % = (Smaller observation / larger observation) x 100 Formula 2: Mean duration-per- occurrence IOA % = (Sum of % agreement / # of intervals)

Question 34

Interval by Interval IOA

Answer 34

the same thing as trial-by-trial but with intervals. It differs from exact agreement in that exact agreement involves frequency data but this type can involve non-numerical data (such as "yes"/"no" or "occurrence"/"non-occurrence"). The formula can be written as: Interval-by-interval % = (# of agreement intervals / # of intervals)

Question 35

Scored Interval IOA

Answer 35

measures the percentage of agreement between two observers within only the intervals in which either observer documented an occurrence of the behavior. IOA % = (# of agreement intervals within occurrence intervals / total # of occurrence intervals) x 100

Question 36

Unscored Interval IOA

Answer 36

is used to calculate the percentage of agreement between two observers in intervals in which one or both observers documented non-occurrence of the behavior of interest. It excludes intervals in which both observers DID record an occurrence of the behavior of interest. The formula can be written as: Unscored-interval IOA %: (# of agreement intervals within non-occurrence intervals / total # of non-occurrence intervals) x 100

Question 37

Line Graph

Answer 37

Points on the graph represent relationships between the dependent and independent variables. Comparisons of data points on this graph reveal the presence or absence of changes in level, trend, and variability.

Question 38

Bar Graph

Answer 38

A graph where there are no distinct data points representing responses through time.t

Question 39

Cumulative Record

Answer 39

A graph that displays the cumulative number of responses emitted are represented on the vertical axis, where the steeper the slope of the response the greater the response rate.

Question 40

Scatter Plot

Answer 40

A graph that shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set

Question 41

Standard Celeration Chart

Answer 41

a standardized semi logarithmic chart that has time extending from the left to the right on the x axis in an additive fashion while rates of behavior are charted on an exponential scale on the Y axis. Allows for analysis of change in rate over time.

Question 42

Level

Answer 42

The value of a data point along the x-axis of a graph.

Question 43

Trend

Answer 43

The overall direction of the data path.

Question 44

Variability

Answer 44

The extent to which the data move around on the graph.