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Chemistry > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

1
Q

law of conservation

A

total mass of reactants = total mass of products

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2
Q

nano-

A

Multiplies the unit by 10-9
Symbol is n

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3
Q

micro

A

Multiplies the unit by 10-6
Symbol is μ.

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4
Q

millli

A

Multiplies the unit by 10-3.

Symbol is m.

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5
Q

mega

A

Multiplies the unit by 10 to the power of 6.
This is equivalent to multiplying by 1000000.
Symbol is M.

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6
Q

giga

A

Multiplies the unit by 10 to the power of 9.
This is equivalent to multiplying by 1000000000.
Symbol is G.

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7
Q

tera

A
  • Multiplies the unit by 10 to
    the power of 12.
  • This is equivalent to
    multiplying by
    1000000000000.
  • Symbol is T.
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8
Q

test for hydrogen

A
  • hold a lit splint to a test tube
    with a gas
  • if the gas is hydrogen, then it
    will make a squeaky pop
    sound
  • it makes this sound bcs
    hydrogen burns rapidly in the
    presence of oxygen to give
    H2O.
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9
Q

test for oxygen

A

*put a glowing splint into a test
tube containing a gas.
* if the gas is oxygen, the
splint will relight.

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10
Q

testing for carbon dioxide

A

*bubble through, or shake
carbon dioxide with, an
aqueous solution of calcium
hydroxide (also called lime
water).
* The solution will turn from
clear to cloudy.

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11
Q

oxidation

A

addition of oxygen
loss of electrons

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12
Q

reduction

A

loss of oxygen
gain of electrons

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13
Q

Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

A

Iron oxide + carbon monoxide → iron + carbon dioxide
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

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14
Q

conservation of energy

A

energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated, but it cannot be created or destroyed

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15
Q

endothermic

A

*TAKES IN energy from surroundings
*normally shown through FALL in temperature

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16
Q

exothermic

A

*GIVES OUT energy to surroundings
*normally shown with RISE in temperature

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17
Q

examples of exothermic

A

combustion
neutralisation
oxidation
hand warmers

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18
Q

examples of endothermic

A

thermal decomposition
the reaction between citric acid and sodium bicarbonate
ice packs

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19
Q

sports injury packs

A

when squeezed forcefully, ammonium nitrate and water mix in the pack, resulting in instant cooling. the speed of this reaction makes these packs ideal for scenarios when ice is not immediately available.

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20
Q

2 requirements for a successful reactions

A

*reacting particles must collide
*collisions must take place with
sufficient energy (the
activation energy)

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21
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the MINIMUM amount of energy that reacting particles must have in order for a reaction to occur

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22
Q

What information is contained within reaction profile diagrams?

A

relative energies of reactants and products
activation energy
overall energy change

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23
Q

what do catalysts do in a reaction profile?

A

catalysts can increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy

24
Q

axes in reaction profile diagrams

A

y axis shows energy
x axis shows progress of reaction

25
Q

bond breaking

A

requires energy so endothermic

26
Q

bond making

A

releases energy so exothermic

27
Q

energy change of a reaction

A

energy change = total bond energies of reactants−total bond energies of products

28
Q

what is the unit for measuring bond energies?

A

kJ/mol

29
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

*The Sun gives out electromagnetic radiation. Some of this passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth - warming it up.
*The Earth emits long wavelength radiation which is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and then re-emitted in all directions - like back towards the Earth.
*The longwave radiation is infrared (thermal) radiation, so it makes Earth warmer than it should be.

30
Q

what human activities have caused an increases concentration of greenhouse gases?

A
  • landfill sites (methane)
  • burning fossil fuels (carbon dioxide)
  • deforestation (less carbon dioxide is being removed)
  • agriculture (methane)
31
Q

what are consequences of climate change

A
  • melting of polar ice caps
  • extreme meteorological
    events like storms and
    heatwaves
  • changing water availability
  • changes in precipitation
    combination of some or all of
    these factors could hinder a
    region’s ability to produce
    food
32
Q

how can individuals reduce carbon footprints?

A

Maximising the efficiency of their energy use.
Minimising their waste.
Using renewable energy sources.

33
Q

how can governments reduce carbon footprints?

A

Emission-based taxes.
Emission caps.

34
Q

what is potable water?

A

water safe for human consumption

35
Q

what makes water potable?

A

low concentration of microbes
low concentration of dissolved salts

36
Q

where can you get potable water from?

A

seawater
waste water
fresh water

37
Q

how is potable water treated in the UK?

A
  1. collect the water (rainwater or fresh water source)
  2. filtration
  3. sterilisation
38
Q

what is filtration?

A

passed through wire mesh to remove solid particles

39
Q

what is sterilisation?

A

chlorine gas is added to kill harmful microorganisms.

40
Q

how is potable water treated in saudi arabia?

A

seawater is used so they desalinate it with distillation or reverse osmosis

41
Q

what is distillation?

A

boiling seawater creates steam, which then condenses to give pure water

42
Q

what is reverse osmosis?

A

seawater is passed through a selective membrane that only allows water molecules through

43
Q

disadvantages of chlorination

A

sometimes chlorine can react with compounds found in water and form potentially dangerous chemicals
- however the benefits outweigh the risks

44
Q

advantages of chlorination

A

chlorination stops people from catching diseases found in contaminated water as it removes dangerous microbes such as typhoid and dysentery

45
Q

how does chlorination work?

A

chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria

46
Q

how do you test for chlorine?

A

insert damp litmus paper into a test tube containing a gas.

if the gas is chlorine, the litmus paper will bleach and change colour from red to white.

47
Q

limitations of the particle model

A
  • forces between particles aren’t shown
  • portrays particles as spherical when, in reality, they are not
  • particle collisions aren’t as simple as the model suggests
  • particles don’t ‘bounce off’ each other
48
Q

early existence - volcanoes

A
  • frequently erupted
  • released carbon dioxide
49
Q

latter existence - oceans

A

volcanoes also released nitrogen and water vapour which created oceans which removed lots of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

50
Q

what created oxygen in the earths atmosphere

A

*Algae = first photosynthetic organisms to evolve about 2.7 billion years ago
*photosynthesising plants began to evolve which led to lots of oxygen
* a threshold concentration of oxygen was reached which allowed more complex life forms to evolve (animals)

51
Q

decrease in carbon dioxide

A

oceans
marine animals
photosynthesis

52
Q

incomplete combustion

A
  • when fuel is burned in lack of oxygen
    -produces carbon monoxide and soot
53
Q

complete combustion

A
  • reactions where a fuel combines with oxygen
  • Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O
54
Q

dangers of nitrogen oxide

A
  • inhalation causes respiratory
    problems
  • nitric acid is a major
    component of acid rain
55
Q

dangers of sulfuric acid

A
  • inhalation causes respiratory
    problems
  • sulfuric acid is a major
    component of acid rain
56
Q

where do atmospheric pollutants come from?

A

burning fossil fuels

57
Q

what are examples of atmospheric pollutants?

A

carbon monoxide
sulfuric dioxide
nitrogen oxide
particulates

Chemistry (4 decks)

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