C1 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
What orbits the atoms nucleus, what charge do they have and what are their orbits called?
A
Electrons
Negative
Shells
2
Q
What part of an atom is involved in making bonds?
A
Electrons
3
Q
What happens if an atom loses or gains electrons?
A
Gives it a positive (loses) or negative (gains) charge
4
Q
What are charged atoms known as?
A
Ions
5
Q
What is an ionic bond?
A
A positive ion meets a negative ion and are attracted to each other so join together
6
Q
What is a covalent bond?
A
The atoms share a pair of electrons
7
Q
What is the molecular formula of: Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Water Oxygen
A
CO2
H2
H2O
O2
8
Q
What is the molecular formula of: Carbon monoxide Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride
A
CO
HCl
CaCl2
MgCl2
9
Q
What is the molecular formula of: Sodium carbonate Calcium carbonate Sulfuric acid Magnesium sulfate
A
Na2CO3
CaCO3
H2SO4
MgSO4
10
Q
Name 4 food additives
A
Food colours
Flavour enhancers
Antioxidants
Emulsifiers
11
Q
What do antioxidants do?
A
Help preserve food
12
Q
What is an emulsion?
A
Lots of droplets of one liquid suspended in another
13
Q
What do emulsifiers do?
A
Stop the two liquids in an emulsion from separating out
14
Q
Give 3 examples of foods which contain emulsifiers
A
Mayonnaise
Low fat spread
Ice cream
15
Q
Describe an emulsifier molecule
A
Hydrophilic head -> O/\/\/\/
Hydrophobic tail -> \/\/\/\O
16
Q
How does an emulsifier work?
A
Hydrophilic head bonds to water molecules
Hydrophobic tail bonds to oil molecules
17
Q
How do emulsifiers prevent an emulsion from separating out?
A
Oil droplets surrounded by emulsifier molecules with their hydrophilic head facing out which repels other oil droplets
18
Q
Name 4 reasons why foods have to be cooked
A
Better taste and texture
Easier to digest
Kill microbes on the food
Some foods poisonous when raw
19
Q
What does cooking do to eggs or meat?
A
Protein molecules change shape when heated - bonds break in the molecule and they denature
20
Q
What does cooking do to potatoes?
A
Cell walls rupture making starch grains swell and spread out making potato softer and easier to digest
21
Q
What does baking powder undergo when you heat it?
A
Thermal decomposition
22
Q
What is thermal decomposition?
A
A substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated
23
Q
What chemical does baking powder contain?
A
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
24
Q
What is the word equation for baking powder undergoing thermal decomposition?
A
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
I
Sodium carbonate
Carbon dioxide
Water
25
How is baking powder used in baking cakes?
Carbon dioxide produced by thermal decomposition makes the cake rise
26
How do you check whether Carbon dioxide has been produced?
Limewater test
| Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through
27
What chemicals are used in perfumes?
Esters
28
Where can you find esters?
In nature
| Manufactured synthetically
29
How do you make esters?
Heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
30
What is the name of the process that makes esters?
Esterification
31
What is the word equation of esterification?
Acid+ alcohol -> ester + water
32
What catalyst is used in esterification?
An acid catalyst
33
Name 5 properties a perfume needs
```
Easily evaporates
Non toxic
Doesn't react with water
Doesn't irritate skin
Insoluble in water
```
34
What are two opinions on animal testing to test cosmetics?
Worth testing so it won't harm humans
| Wrong to cause suffering when it's just cosmetics especially when results may not be conclusive
35
Describe a solid in terms of its particles
Strong forces of attraction holding particles in fixed lattice arrangement
Don't move do keeps definite shapes and volume
Vibrate in their positions so hotter it gets equals more vibration
36
Describe liquids in terms of their particles
Some force of attraction but free to move but tend to stick together
Don't keep definite shape but keep same volume
Constantly moving randomly the hotter they get the faster they move
37
Describe gases in terms of their particles
No force of attraction - move in straight lines
Don't keep definite shape or volume
Constantly moving randomly hotter they get faster they moved
Either expand or increase pressure when get hotter
38
What is volatility?
How easily a liquid evaporates
39
Describe evaporation
Particles move faster when liquid heated
| Fast moving particles at surface overcome the forces of attraction of other particles and escape
40
Why do perfumes need to be quite volatile?
So the evaporated particles reach your nose so you can smell them
41
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solvent and solute
42
How is a solution formed?
The bonds holding the solute molecule together break and it mixes with the molecules in the liquid
43
What does it depend on whether the solute bonds break or not?
How strong the attractions are between the molecules within the substance
How strong the attractions are between the two substances
44
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solute and a solvent that doesn't separate out
45
What is a solute?
The substance being dissolved
46
What is a solvent?
The liquid the solute dissolves into
47
What does soluble mean?
It will dissolve
48
What does insoluble mean?
Tit won't dissolve
49
What is solubility?
A measure of how much it will dissolve
50
Why doesn't nail varnish dissolve in water?
The two substances (nail varnish and water) are more attracted to themselves than each other
51
What does nail varnish dissolve in?
Acetone
52
What does the solubility of a substance depend on?
The solvent used
53
What 3 things does paint contain?
Pigment
Binding medium
Solvent
54
What is binding medium?
A liquid that carries the pigment when it dries it sticks the paint to the wall
55
What does a colloid consist of?
Really tiny particles of a substance dispersed in another
56
Why don't colloids seperate out?
The particles are too small
57
Name 3 facts about water based paints
Solvent is water, binding medium is a polymer
Dries when solvent evaporates leaving a thins solid film behind
Fast drying and don't produce harmful fumes
58
Name 3 facts about oil based paints
Binding material is oil and solvent is an organic compound
Dry in two stages - solvent evaporates then oil is oxidised by the oxygen in the air
Glossy waterproof and hard wearing but produce harmful fumes when drying
59
What are thermochromic pigments?
Change colour or become transparent when heated or cooled
60
What can a mixture of different thermochromic pigments make?
A colour coded temperature scale
61
Name 4 uses of thermochromic pigments
Electric kettles that change colour when water boils
Baby products e.g baby spoons
Drinks mugs - warn if too hot
Mood rings
62
What is a use of mixing thermochromic pigments with paint?
Novelty mugs
63
What are phosphorescent pigments?
Absorb light and store as energy in molecules then glow in the dark
64
Name 4 uses of phosphorescent pigments
Glow in the dark hands on watches
Traffic or emergency exit signs
Toys
Novelty decorations
65
What are plastics?
Long chain molecules called polymers
66
How are polymers formed?
When lots of monomers join together - polymerisation
67
What does polymerisation need?
High pressure and a catalyst
68
What are unsaturated compounds?
Molecules with at least one double covalent bond between Carbon atoms
69
What are saturated compounds?
Molecules with no double bond between Carbon atoms
70
What is addition polymerisation?
Unsaturated monomer molecules open up their double bond and join ribeye to form polymer chains
71
Describe the properties of polymers with weak intermolecular forces
Chains free to slide over each other
Stretched easily
Low melting point
72
Describe the properties of plastics with strong intermolecular forces
Covalent bonds or cross linking bridges inbetween chains
Higher melting points
Rigid and can't be stretched
73
What is nylon coated with to make tough hard wearing and waterproof outdoor clothing?
Polyurethane
74
What is the problem of a polyurethane coating?
Doesn't let water vapour through so the material isn't breathable
75
Describe gore tex
Made by laminating a thin film of expanded PTFE onto nylon or polyester
PTFE has tiny holes which let water vapour through but are too small to let water droplets through
Also PTFE repels liquid water
76
What are the problems with non biodegradable plastics?
There forever and landfills are a waste of land
| When burnt release toxic gases e.g sulfur dioxide and hydrogen cyanide
77
What's the best thing to do with non biodegradeable plastics?
Reuse and recycle them but it's difficult and expensive
78
What solution is trying to be done to solve the issue of non biodegradable plastics?
Chemists trying to produce biodegradable polymers
79
What's a hydrocarbon?
A compound which is formed from hydrogen and Carbon atoms only
80
What are hydrocarbons used for?
Fuels e.g petrol and diesel
| Plastics are made from them
81
What is an atoms main aim in life?
To get a full outer shell of electrons
82
What are alkanes?
Saturated compounds
| Just chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms
83
How do you tell the difference between alkanes and alkenes?
Bromine water
| Alkenes de colourise the bromine water
84
Name the first four alkanes
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
85
What is a double covalent bond?
Where in order to fill up their outer shells atoms will share two pairs of electrons
86
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated compounds
| Hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds between Carbon atoms
87
Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
Double bonds can open up and join onto things
88
Name the first three alkenes
Ethene
Propene
Butene
89
Why do alkenes de colourise bromine water?
They're reactive so react with the bromine in an addition reaction making a colourless dibromo compound
90
How is crude oil created?
Over millions of years with high temperature and pressure the remains of plants and animals are turned into crude oil
91
What is crude oil?
A mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons
92
How is crude oil separated out?
Fractional distillation
93
Describe fractional distillation
Oil heated till becomes gas
Gas enters fractionating column - temperature gradient in the column (hot at bottom cool at top)
Longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points so turn back to liquids and drain out early on ectr
Crude oil separated into different fractions of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
94
What is drained out the bottom of a fractionating column?
Bitumen
95
What is drained out of the top of a fractionating column?
LPG
96
What happens as the size (length) of a hydrocarbon molecule increases?
```
Boiling point increases
Less flammable
More viscous (doesn't flow as easily)
Less volatile
```
97
What are the two types of bonds in crude oil?
Strong covalent bonds within each hydrocarbon
| Intermolecular forces between different hydrocarbons
98
What happens when crude oil is heated?
Molecules move more and eventually overcome the forces of attraction but not the covalent bonds as they are much stronger so whizz off as a gas
99
What's different about the intermolecular forces between small molecules and large molecules?
Break easier in small molecules
| Stronger between large molecules than small ones
100
What is cracking?
Splitting up long chain molecules
101
What does cracking do?
Turn long alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules which are more useful (and in higher demand)
102
What is cracking a form of?
Thermal decomposition
103
What charge does an atoms nucleus carry?
Positive
104
What do you need in cracking?
Lost of heat and a catalyst
105
Why are some molecules cracked?
Because the smaller molecules are in higher demand and the supply cannot meet the demand so cracking produces more supply
106
Describe cracking
Vaporised hydrocarbons passed over a catalyst
400-700degrees C
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst
Long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst
107
What's the problem with crude oil?
Supplies are limited and non renewable so will eventually run out
108
What political problems can oil cause?
Countries with lots of stocks may keep it as oil is used up
Countries with the most oil supplies with have the most power over other countries
Harder for countries without an oil supply to get hold of it - could be cut off
109
What environmental problems can oil cause?
Oil tanker crashes can lead to massive oil slicks on the sea
Covers bride feathers and destroys their waterproofing so they die of cold and can't fly
Detergents clean up oil slicks but some harm wildlife
110
What are the 7 things you need to consider when picking the best fuel?
```
Energy value
Availability
Storage
Cost
Toxicity
Ease of use
Pollution
```
111
When does complete combustion happen?
When there's plenty of oxygen
112
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water
113
How do you know if complete combustion is happening?
The gas burns with a clean blue flame
114
How do you show a fuel burns to give Carbon dioxide and water?
Burn a fuel
The products are passed through apparatus
Water collects in a cooled U tube
In order to exit it the gas must pass through limewater which will turn cloudy
115
How can you check if it's water?
By checking its boiling point
116
What happens if a fuel burns and there isn't enough oxygen?
Incomplete combustion
117
What's the word equation of incomplete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water + Carbon monoxide + Carbon
118
Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?
It's colourless, odourless and poisonous
119
What is an indicator that incomplete combustion is happening?
Carbon produced leaves sooty marks
120
What was phase 1 of the creation of the atmosphere?
Volcanoes give out steam and Carbon dioxide and ammonia
| Early atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour
121
What was phase 2 of the creation of our atmosphere?
Water vapour condensed into oceans which Carbon dioxide dissolved into
Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
Lots of the CO2 locked up as fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
Nitrogen released by ammonia reacting with oxygen and denitrifying bacteria
122
What was phase 3 of the creation of our atmosphere?
Ozone layer allows the evolution of complex animals
| Build up of oxygen created ozone
123
Name the percentage of things in our atmosphere
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.035% Carbon dioxide
124
Name 3 things which put Carbon back into the air and remove oxygen
Respiration
Combustion
Decay of plants and animals
125
What removes Carbon from the air and replaces it with oxygen?
Photosynthesis
126
How is human activity affecting the amount of carbon in the air?
More energy needed = more combustion
More countries being industrialised
More landed needed = deforestation = less photosynthesis
More people = more respiration
127
What are the main causes of acid rain?
Power stations and internal combustion engines
128
What harmful gases are released when fossil fuels are burnt?
Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides
129
What happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with clouds?
Form dilute sulfuric and nitric acid which falls as acid rain
130
What bad things does acid rain do?
Makes lakes acidic
Kills trees and damages limestone (statues and buildings)
Makes metal corrode
131
What's photochemical smog and what can it cause?
A type of air pollution caused by slight acting on oxides of nitrogen produces ground level ozone which can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness
132
What does Carbon monoxide do to you?
Stops you blood from carrying oxygen leading to fainting, coma or even death
133
What do catalytic converters do?
Reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides produce by cars
134
What is the catalyst in a catalytic converter usually a mix of?
Platinum and rhodium
135
What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?
Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide
->
Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide
136
What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?
2CO + 2NO -> N2 + 2CO2
137
What do you need in cracking?
Lost of heat and a catalyst
138
Why are some molecules cracked?
Because the smaller molecules are in higher demand and the supply cannot meet the demand so cracking produces more supply
139
Describe cracking
Vaporised hydrocarbons passed over a catalyst
400-700degrees C
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst
Long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst
140
What's the problem with crude oil?
Supplies are limited and non renewable so will eventually run out
141
What political problems can oil cause?
Countries with lots of stocks may keep it as oil is used up
Countries with the most oil supplies with have the most power over other countries
Harder for countries without an oil supply to get hold of it - could be cut off
142
What environmental problems can oil cause?
Oil tanker crashes can lead to massive oil slicks on the sea
Covers bride feathers and destroys their waterproofing so they die of cold and can't fly
Detergents clean up oil slicks but some harm wildlife
143
What are the 7 things you need to consider when picking the best fuel?
```
Energy value
Availability
Storage
Cost
Toxicity
Ease of use
Pollution
```
144
When does complete combustion happen?
When there's plenty of oxygen
145
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water
146
How do you know if complete combustion is happening?
The gas burns with a clean blue flame
147
How do you show a fuel burns to give Carbon dioxide and water?
Burn a fuel
The products are passed through apparatus
Water collects in a cooled U tube
In order to exit it the gas must pass through limewater which will turn cloudy
148
How can you check if it's water?
By checking its boiling point
149
What happens if a fuel burns and there isn't enough oxygen?
Incomplete combustion
150
What's the word equation of incomplete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water + Carbon monoxide + Carbon
151
Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?
It's colourless, odourless and poisonous
152
What is an indicator that incomplete combustion is happening?
Carbon produced leaves sooty marks
153
What was phase 1 of the creation of the atmosphere?
Volcanoes give out steam and Carbon dioxide and ammonia
| Early atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour
154
What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?
2CO + 2NO -> N2 + 2CO2
155
What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?
Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide
->
Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide
156
What is the catalyst in a catalytic converter usually a mix of?
Platinum and rhodium
157
What do catalytic converters do?
Reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides produce by cars
158
What does Carbon monoxide do to you?
Stops you blood from carrying oxygen leading to fainting, coma or even death
159
What's photochemical smog and what can it cause?
A type of air pollution caused by slight acting on oxides of nitrogen produces ground level ozone which can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness
160
What bad things does acid rain do?
Makes lakes acidic
Kills trees and damages limestone (statues and buildings)
Makes metal corrode
161
What happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with clouds?
Form dilute sulfuric and nitric acid which falls as acid rain
162
What harmful gases are released when fossil fuels are burnt?
Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides
163
What are the main causes of acid rain?
Power stations and internal combustion engines
164
How is human activity affecting the amount of carbon in the air?
More energy needed = more combustion
More countries being industrialised
More landed needed = deforestation = less photosynthesis
More people = more respiration
165
What removes Carbon from the air and replaces it with oxygen?
Photosynthesis
166
Name 3 things which put Carbon back into the air and remove oxygen
Respiration
Combustion
Decay of plants and animals
167
Name the percentage of things in our atmosphere
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.035% Carbon dioxide
168
What was phase 3 of the creation of our atmosphere?
Ozone layer allows the evolution of complex animals
| Build up of oxygen created ozone
169
What was phase 2 of the creation of our atmosphere?
Water vapour condensed into oceans which Carbon dioxide dissolved into
Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
Lots of the CO2 locked up as fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
Nitrogen released by ammonia reacting with oxygen and denitrifying bacteria
