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Chemistry C1 > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of an atom.

A

Central nucleus surrounded by electrons

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

a substance only made from one atom

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3
Q

Explain what a group is in the periodic table

A

A column containing elements with similar properties.

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4
Q

What information does C6H12O6 (Glucose) tell you?

A

Each molecule contains six atoms of carbon, twelve atoms of of hydrogen and six atoms of oxygen.

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5
Q

What happens to electrons when chemical bonds form?

A

They are moved from one atom to another, or shared between two atoms.

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6
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of quarrying limestone.

A 
Advantages
Local employment,
Produces useful raw material. 
Disadvantages, 
Noisy
Dusty
Reduce tourist trade.
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7
Q

Suggest why the demand for limestone increases when large buildings projects start e.g 2012 Olympic games.

A

Blocks of limestone is used in building materials

crushed limestone chippings are used for road building.

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8
Q

Word equation for Limestone/Thermal decomposition.

A

Calcium carbonate –> Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide.

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9
Q

What is an ore?

A

A rock or mineral that contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting the metal.

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10
Q

Why can you extract lead oxide by reduction with carbon, but you could not extract aluminium from aluminium oxide this way?

A

Lead is less reactive than carbon

aluminium is more reactive than carbon.

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11
Q

why does iron straight from the blast furnace have few uses?

A

It is 96% iron,

The impurities it contains makes it hard but brittle.

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12
Q

What is alloy?

A

A mixture of a metal with a non-metal or other metals.

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13
Q

Explain why alloys are harder than the pure metals they contain

A

In a pure metal the layers of atoms can slide over each other easily. In an alloy, the different sized atoms distort the regular arrangement of atoms so that the layers do not slide over each other easily.

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14
Q

suggest why carbon steel isn’t suitable for making car body panels.

A

High carbon steel is hard

It would be difficult to press into shape.

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15
Q

What makes copper useful for plumbing?

A

It doesn’t react with water.

Easily bent into shape

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16
Q

explain why it is expensive to extract titanium and aluminium from their ores.

A

a lot of energy is needed to extract them , titanium is extracted in several steps
Aluminium is extracted using electricity.

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17
Q

A new way of extracting titanium has been discovered.

suggest why is it should be more available in the future.

A

Just one step should reduce the cost of extracting titanium

if Titanium is cheaper it should be used more widely.

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18
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon only.

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19
Q

Molecular formula for hexane which contains 6 carbon atoms.

A

C6 H14

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20
Q

explain how crude oil can b separated into fractions.

A

The crude oil is heated to evaporate it then allowed to condense at different temperatures

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21
Q

Explain why fractions from the top half of the fractional column are more useful as fuels than those from the bottom half.

A

The fractions at the top alkanes which are runnier and easy to ignite.

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22
Q

5 products of combustion

A 
Water vapour,
Carbon dioxide 
carbon monoxide
particles
sulfur dioxide.
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23
Q

difference between complete and incomplete combustion.

A

complete- happens when there is plenty of air
incomplete - not enough air
carbon monoxide is produces instead of carbon dioxide in incomplete combustion.

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24
Q

Scientists believe that global dimming has helped to reduce global warming over the past few decades. suggest what could happen as fewer particles are emitted when fuels are used.

A

fewer particle will cause global dimming to decrease
more sunlight will reach the earths surface, increasing the amount of thermal energy that could be trapped by the atmosphere.

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25
Q

what is crackling and why is it carried out?

A

Crackling is the breakdown of long alkanes to form shorter alkanes or alkenes.
The alkanes are passed over a hot catalyst. this is done because the demand for shorter alkanes cannot be met by fractional distillation alone.

26
Q

Name the polymer formed from chloroethene monomers

A

Poly(chloroethene.)

27
Q

Suggest why the cost of polymers often depends on the cost of crude oil.

A

Alkenes used as monomers are obtained by cracking crude oil fractions. If the cost of oil goes up, so does polymers.

28
Q

Steps to extract vegetable oil?

A

Crush plant material
Press to remove the oil or dissolve in a solvent
distill to remove the solvent.

29
Q

Why do we need vegetable oils in our diet?

A

They’re a source of energy and nutrients such as vitamins.

30
Q

What is emulsion and where might you find one in food?

A

A mixture of oil and water.

found in ice creams, salad dressings etc.

31
Q

Describe how vegetable oils are hardened, explain how it’s done.

A

React with hydrogen at 60*C in the presence of of a nickel catalyst. Hardened vegetable oils are hardened at room temp and can be used in margarine, and for making cakes and pastries.

32
Q

2 reasons why processed food may contain additives.

A

Two from: Improve taste, improve appearance, improve shelf life.

33
Q

how do you know if food contain additives.

A

The additives are listed on the ingredients label.

34
Q

Risk of artificial food additives?

A

Banned food additives may get into the food by mistake,

some people have allergies to certain additives.

35
Q

Structure of the Earth?

A

Layers going from in to out
Core made from iron and nickel.
Mantle made from melted rock that flows very slowly.
Crust which is a layer made of solid rock.

36
Q

One problem with the idea that shrinkage of the crust caused mountains

A

Mountains should be all over the surface but they are not.

37
Q

outline two pieces of evidence that plate tectonics exists.

A

Coasts of South america and Africa fit together.

Similar rocks and fossils are found on each continent.

38
Q

where do earthquakes and volcanoes happen/appear?

A

Boundaries between tectonic plates.

39
Q

Main gas in Earth’s early Atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide.

40
Q

Main gas in Earth’s current atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen

41
Q

Why did carbon dioxide decrease and oxygen increase?

A

Carbon dioxide dissolved in oceans, formed fossil fuels and carbonate rocks.
Oxygen was produced by plants because of photosynthesis.

42
Q

Name 3 noble gases.

A 
Any of : 
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
xenon
radon.
43
Q

Why is helium used as a lifting gas?

A

It’s much less dense than air (lightest gas in our atmosphere)

44
Q

Why is argon used in filament lamps?

A

It is unreactive, so it stops the metal filament burning away.

45
Q

Why are there no naturally occurring compounds of noble gases?

A

The noble gases are unreactive so do not form compounds.

46
Q

Global warming by only a few degrees can cause?

A

a rise in sea levels

Large-scale changes to the weather- climate change.

47
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

A chart that shows information about the elements.

48
Q

Why won’t you find substances like water or carbon dioxide in the periodic table?

A

Because they are compounds not elements.

49
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

When atoms join together.

50
Q

The atoms in pure metals are?

A

Regularly arranged, meaning that they can slide over each other.

51
Q

Why is pure iron often converted into steel?

A

because it is to soft as a pure metal to be useful for common things.

52
Q

Why are shorter alkenes better than longer ones at making fuels?

A

lower boiling point.
the runnier it is
easier to ignite.

53
Q

What does Sulfur dioxide contribute to when burnt?

A

Acid rain.

54
Q

Long alkenes are shortened to short alkenes. What is this process called?

A

Cracking.

55
Q

What is a environmental advantage to having biodegradable plastic bags?

A

They can b broken down by micro organisms.

56
Q

Food additives are added in food because it improves?

A

taste
appearance
shelf-life. (How long it lasts when stored.)

57
Q

What is used to detect and identify artificial food colourings?

A

Chromatography.

58
Q

What was the first successful photosynthesizing species called?

A

Stromatolites.

59
Q

How are the Earth’s current gases split in percentage? (Amount of)

A

78% nitrogen
0.9% argon (Noble gas)
21% oxygen
0.1% other gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.

60
Q

Noble gases can be/consist of.

A

Non-metals
gases at room temp
chemically unreactive.

Chemistry C1 (1 decks)

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