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C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four additives found in food?

A
  • Food Colouring
  • Flavour Enhancers
  • Antioxidants
  • Emulsifiers
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2
Q

What is the purpose of food colouring?

A

To add colour to the food and to make it look more appealing

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3
Q

What is the purpose of flavour enhancers?

A

To enhance the taste and smell of food without adding taste.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of antioxidants?

A

Antioxidants are designed to preserve food.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of emulsifiers?

A

Emulsifiers help oil and water ‘blend’ together. They prevent oil and water from separating.

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6
Q

What is an emulsion and how is one made?

A

An emulsion is a mixture of oil and water, it works by suspending droplets of one liquid In another liquid.

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7
Q

How does the emulsifier molecule work?

A

The emulsifier molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The head binds to water while the tail binds to oil.

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8
Q

What are the four reasons / purposes of cooking food?

A

1) To produce a better taste / texture
2) Make food easier to digest
3) Killing bacteria
4) Some foods are poisonous when raw

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9
Q

Why is cooking a chemical change?

A

Because the process is irreversible and new substances are produced.

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10
Q

What changes occur to eggs and meat while cooking?

A

*Protein molecules change shape as chemical binds in the protein are broken, this makes the food have a better texture

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11
Q

What happens during the cooking of potato?

A

The rigid cell wall which is made from cellulose is broken down, allowing the potato to be softer and easier to eat.

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12
Q

What process happens when you heat baking powder?

A

Thermal decomposition occurs

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13
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

Is when a substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated. There is only one reactant in this type of reaction.

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14
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of baking powder?

A

Sodium hydrogen-carbonate —> sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

What chemical test can be used to test for carbon dioxide?

A

The limewater test, it turns cloudy is co2 is present.

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16
Q

Where do Esters come from?

A
  • Natural sources(Flowers…)

* Artificial sources

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17
Q

What is the process called to manufacture artificial esters?

A

Esterfication

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18
Q

What type of catalyst is used while making an ester?

A

An acid catalyst is used, (Concentrated sulphuric acid.)

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19
Q

What is the word equation for making an ester?

A

Acid + Alcohol —> Ester + Water

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20
Q

What are the 5 properties perfumes must have?

A
  • Easily Evaporate
  • Non-Toxic
  • Un reactive with water
  • Non irritable to the skin
  • Insoluble in water
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21
Q

Why must perfumes easily evaporate?

A

To allow the smell to get into the air

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22
Q

Why must perfumes be non toxic?

A

Because they should not poison or damage the skin of the person using it.

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23
Q

Why must perfumes not react with water?

A

Would have an adverse effect by reacting with sweat or rain.

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24
Q

Why must perfumes not irritate the skin?

A

Because it must be able to be applied to the skin without risk of burning or damaging the skin.

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25
Why must perfumes be insoluble in water?
To prevent them from washing off in the rain or anytime you got wet.
26
Why must perfumes be tested?
To ensure they are safe to use on humans and won't cause people any harm.
27
What is the problem with animal testing?
Some people think it's wrong to test cosmetic products on animals as it causes the animal suffering and is often inconclusive anyways.
28
What does the EU say on animal testing?
The vast majority of animal tests are now banned in the EU.
29
What does the term: solution mean?
A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent.
30
What does the term: solute mean?
The solute is the substance being dissolved.
31
What does the term: solvent mean?
The solvent is the liquid the solute is dissolving into.
32
What does the term: soluble mean?
It means a substance will dissolve.
33
What does the term: insoluble mean?
It means the substance will not dissolve.
34
What does the term: solubility mean?
Solubility is a measure of how much of a substance will dissolve.
35
What are the three main components of paint?
* Solvent * Binding Medium * Pigment
36
What is the role of the pigment?
To give the paint it's colour.
37
What is the role of the binding medium?
The binding medium is the liquid that holds together the pigment, it 'sticks' the pigment to the surface.
38
What is the role of the solvent?
The solvent thins the paint and makes it easier to spread.
39
What are the two types of paint?
* Water based | * Oil based
40
What is the solvent in water based paint?
The solvent is water
41
What is the binding medium in water based paints?
The binding medium is normally an acrylic or vinyl polymer.
42
How does water based paint dry?
It dries as the solvent evaporates leaving behind the pigment and a thin layer of binding medium. They don't produce toxic fumes and dry quickly.
43
In oil based paints what is the binding medium?
The binding medium is oil.
44
In oil based paints what is the solvent?
The solvent is an organic compound.
45
How do oil based paints dry? (2 Stages)
1) The solvent evaporates | 2) The oil is oxidised in the air before it turns solid.
46
What are the best uses for oil based paint?
Because they produce harmful gasses oil based paints are best used outdoors. They are also waterproof and hard wearing.
47
What are Thermometric pigments?
Pigments which change colour depending on heat.
48
What are phosphorescent pigments?
Pigments which absorb light and glow in the dark.
49
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a chain of monomer molecules.
50
What type of hydrocarbons normally make polymers?
alkenes
51
what is the process called to make a polymer from alkene monomers?
Addition Polymerization.
52
What makes a molecule unsaturated?
Molecules which have at least one double covalent bond.
53
How do alkenes join together?
The double bond 'opens up' to allow a bond with another alkene to be formed.
54
What are strong rigid polymers used for?
Rigid polymers such as polyethene are used to makr plastic milk bottles.
55
What is Nylon?
Nylon is a synthetic polymer often used to make clothes.
56
What is the advantage of goretex?
Goretex is both waterprrof and breathable, making it very good for outdoor clothing.
57
What is the main problem with disposing of polymers?
Many polymers are not biodegradable, meaning they do not decompose into the ground.
58
How are polymers disposed?
Some polymers are sent to landfill although the majority are recycled into new products.
59
What is a Hydrocarbon?
A Hydrocarbon is a compound that only contains hydrogen and compound.
60
What type of bonds are found in all hydrocarbons?
Covenant bonds.
61
What type of hydrocarbons have single bonds?
Alkanes
62
What will alkanes not form?
Polymers (No Double Bonds)
63
What is Fractional Distillation?
The Separation of crude oil into smaller hydrocarbons to make it more useless.
64
What equipment is used during fractional distillation?
A fractionating column.
65
What happens to large molecules during fractional distillation?
They remain at the bottom of the column as they are more dense.
66
What is the molecule at the top of the fractional column?
LPG (It is the least dense)
67
What is the molecule at the bottom of the fractional column?
Bitumen (Most Dense)
68
What is the order of the fractions?(Bottom to Top)
* Bitumen * Oil * Diesel * Kerosene * Naphtha * Petrol * LPG
69
What three properties change as the size of the hydrocarbon molecule differs?
* The boiling point * Viscous level (How easily it flows) * Volitility
70
What is cracking?
Cracking is splitting up long chain hydrocarbons.
71
What type of reaction is cracking?
Cracking is a Thermal decomposition reaction.
72
What are the two main conditions required for cracking?
* Catalyst(powdered) | * Heat
73
Why is cracking important?
Cracking allows us to produce more of the more used hydrocarbons such as petrol.
74
What type of energy source is crude oil?
Crude oil is Non-Renewable
75
What is the main two issues with relying on crude oil as our main fuel?
* Will run out in the near future | * Causes damage to the environment.
76
How is oil a political issue?
As oil is used up the price of oil along with its products (fuel) will also rise. Countries with more oil will become more powerful. This could lead to wars.
77
How is oil a Environmental issue?
*Oil spills damage wildlife and cause damage to habitat.
78
What are the seven factors to consider while choosing a fuel?
``` T oxicity E nergy value A vailability C ost U sability P ollution S torage ```
79
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen | ----> carbon dioxide + water
80
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?
hydrocarbon + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon
81
Which type of combustion is unsafe?
Incomplete Combustion
82
When does complete combustion occur?
When there is a plentiful oxygen supp;ly.
83
When does incomplete combustion occur?
When there is not a plentiful oxygen supply.
84
What is a colloid?
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance is spread or dispersed evenly in another. Different from solutions because none of the substances are dissolved Paints are colloids
85
Why don't the components of a colloid separate
Because the particles are dispersed throughout the mixture and are too small to settle
86
What is volatility in terms of a liquid?
It is a measure of how easily a liquid evaporates
87
What is the approximate composition of the earths atmosphere currently ?
78% nitrogen (n2) 21% oxygen (o2) 0.035% carbon dioxide (co2) The rest is other gases

Chemistry (8 decks)

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