C1 - advanced Flashcards
C1 indicates advanced level of ability based on ‘Common European Framework of Reference’ (CEFR) for languages, which is a description of the language abilities of students at different levels of learning.
1
Q
v
To officially end a law, a system or an institution.
A
abolish
/əˈbɑːlɪʃ/
This tax should be abolished.
2
Q
n
The deliberate ending of a pregnancy at an early stage.
A
abortion
/əˈbɔːrʃn/
She decided to have an abortion.
3
Q
n
The fact of somebody being away from a place where they are usually expected to be.
A
absence
/ˈæbsəns/
The decision was made in my absence.
4
Q
adj
Not in a place because of illness, etc.
A
absent
/ˈæbsənt/
He was absent from work for two weeks.
5
Q
N
(noun): The use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful
A
abuse
/əˈbjuːs/
(as a noun): “The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse.”
6
Q
adj
Extremely silly; not logical and sensible.
A
absurd
/əbˈsɝːd/
That uniform makes the guards look absurd.
7
Q
V
To treat a person or an animal in a cruel or violent way, especially sexually.
A
abuse
/əˈbjuːs/
“The boy had been sexually abused.”
8
Q
n
A large quantity that is more than enough.
A
abundance
/əˈbʌndəns/
“The brochure promised beautiful walks with an abundance of wildlife.”
9
Q
n
A school or college for special training.
A
academy
/əˈkæd.ə.mi/
“She trained at the Royal Academy of Music.”
10
Q
v
To happen faster or earlier; to make something happen faster or earlier.
A
accelerate
/ekˈsel.ɚ.eɪt/
“Inflation continues to accelerate.”
11
Q
n
The act of accepting a gift, an invitation, an offer, etc.
A
acceptance
/əkˈseptəns/
“Please confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing.”
12
Q
noun
According to a rule or the way that somebody says that something should be done.
A
accordance
/əˈkɔːrdns/
We acted in accordance with my parents’ wishes.
13
Q
adj
That can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc.
A
accessible
/əkˈsesəbl/6
“The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.”
14
Q
n
An impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work.
A
accomplishment
/əˈkɑmplɪʃmənt/
“It was one of the President’s greatest accomplishments.”
15
Q
adv
In a way that is suitable or right for the situation
A
accordingly
/əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/
“We have to discover his plans and act accordingly.”
16
Q
n
The fact of being responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked.
A
accountability
/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/
“The accountability of a company’s directors to the shareholders.”
17
Q
adjective
Expected to explain your actions or decisions to someone.
A
accountable
/əˈkaʊntəbl/
“Politicians are ultimately accountable to the voters.”
18
Q
verb
To gradually get more and more of something over a period of time.
A
accumulate
/əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
“I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.”
19
Q
noub
The process of gradually increasing or getting more and more of something over a period of time.
A
accumulation
/əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/
The accumulation of wealth.
20
Q
adjective
- That contains acid or has the essential characteristics of an acid; that has a pH of less than seven
- That has a bitter sharp taste
- (Of a person’s remarks) critical and unkind.
A
acid
/ˈæsɪd/
1) Rye is tolerant of poor, acid soils. /
2) Acid fruit. It’s a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour. /
3) 3) An acid wit
21
Q
noun
A statement saying that you think a person is guilty of doing something wrong or illegal; the fact of accusing somebody.
A
accusation
/ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn/
I don’t want to make an accusation until I have some proof.
22
Q
Verb
To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something.
A
accused
/əˈkjuːz/
She accused him of lying.
23
Q
noub
The act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.
A
acquisition
/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/
Theories of child language acquisition.
24
Q
noun
(in Britain and North America) a unit for measuring an area of land;
4840 square yards or about 4 050 square metres
A
acre
/ˈeɪkər/
3 000 acres of parkland /
a three-acre wood /
(informal) Each house has acres of space around it (= a lot of space).
25
# noun
The act of making something such as a device or chemical process start working.
**activation**
| /ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn/
## Footnote
The **activation** of several target genes results in two major effects.
26
# noun
A person who works to achieve political or social change, especially as a member of an organization with particular aims.
**activist**
| /ˈæktɪvɪst/
## Footnote
Thousands of environmental **activists** joined the march to demand action on climate change.
27
# adjective
Very serious or severe.
**acute**
| /əˈkjuːt/
## Footnote
There is an **acute** shortage of water.
28
# noun
The action or process of changing something, or of being changed, to suit a new purpose or situation.
**adaptation**
| /ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/
## Footnote
The **adaptation** of buildings for military purposes
29
# verb
To stick to something.
**adhere**
| /ədˈhɪə/
## Footnote
Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria **adhere** to the surface of the red cells. /
Clean the surface first, or the paint will not **adhere**. /
There was oil **adhering** to the bird’s feathers.
30
# adjective
Next to or near something.
**adjacent**
| /əˈdʒeɪsnt/
## Footnote
The planes landed on **adjacent** runways. /
Our farmland was **adjacent** to the river.
31
# noun
A small change made to something in order to correct or improve it.
**adjustment**
| /əˈdʒʌstmənt/
## Footnote
“I’ve made a few **adjustments** to the design. /
Some **adjustment** of the lens may be necessary.”
32
# verb
To manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
**administer**
| /ədˈmɪnɪstə /
## Footnote
“The pension funds are **administered** by commercial banks.”
33
# adjective
Connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution.
**administrative**
| /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/
## Footnote
an **administrative** job/assistant/error.
34
# noun
A person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution, or a person who works in an office dealing with records, accounts, etc.
**administrator**
| /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə/
## Footnote
“Such organizational decisions are made by the hospital **administrators**.”
35
# noun
The act of accepting somebody into an institution, organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization.
**admission**
| /ədˈmɪʃn/
## Footnote
the university **admissions** policy/office /
Hospital **admission** is not necessary in most cases.
36
# noun
A young person who is developing from a child into an adult.
**adolescent**
| /ˌædəˈlesnt/
## Footnote
“**Adolescents** between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face.”
37
# noun
The act of adopting a child; the fact of being adopted.
**adoption**
| /əˈdɒpʃn/
## Footnote
“She put the baby up for **adoption**.”
38
# adjective
Negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result.
**adverse**
| /ədˈvɜːs/
## Footnote
This drug is known to have **adverse** side effects. /
**adverse** change/circumstances/weather conditions
39
# noun
(noun): A person who supports or speaks in favor of somebody or of a public plan or action.
**advocate**
| /ˈædvəkeɪt/
## Footnote
(noun): “An **advocate** for hospital workers.”
40
# verb
to support something publicly
**advocate**
| /ˈædvəkeɪt/
## Footnote
These policies have been widely **advocated**.
41
# adjective
Connected with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things.
**aesthetic**
| /esˈθetɪk/
## Footnote
“The new building has little **aesthetic** value / appeal.”
42
# noun
The feeling of liking or loving somebody/something very much and caring about them.
**affection**
| /əˈfekʃn/
## Footnote
“Children need lots of love and **affection** /
He didn’t show his wife any **affection**. /
She was held in deep **affection** by all her students.”
43
# noun
The situation that exists as a result of an important (and usually unpleasant) event, especially a war, an accident, etc.
**aftermath**
| /ˈæftərmæθ/
## Footnote
“A lot of rebuilding took place in the **aftermath** of the war.”
44
# noun
Feelings of anger and hate that may result in threatening or violent behaviour.
**aggression**
| /əˈɡreʃn/
## Footnote
“The research shows that computer games may cause **aggression**.”
45
# adjective
Connected with the science or practice of farming.
**agricultural**
| /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/
## Footnote
“**agricultural** policy/land/production/development.”
46
# Verb
To warn somebody about a dangerous situation or one that requires immediate action.
**alert**
| /əˈlɜːrt/
## Footnote
“The public has been **alerted** to the dangers of eating raw shellfish.”
47
# noun
A state of being watchful for possible danger
**alert**
| /əˈlɜːrt/
## Footnote
“The police are on the **alert** for any suspicious activity.”
48
# noun
A person who helps another person, especially a politician, in their job.
**aide**
| /eɪd/
## Footnote
“He was a top **aide** to the president.”
49
# adverb
In a very similar way.
**alike**
| /əˈlaɪk/
## Footnote
“The twins dress **alike**.”
50
# conjunction
although; even though
**albeit**
| /ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/
## Footnote
He finally agreed, **albeit** reluctantly, to help us.
51
# adjective
Able to think quickly; quick to notice things.
**alert**
| /əˈlɜːrt/
## Footnote
“She’s a very **alert** driver.”
52
# adjective
strange and frightening; different from what you are used to
**alien**
| /ˈeɪliən/
## Footnote
an **alien** environment /
In a world that had suddenly become **alien** and dangerous, he was her only security.
53
# verb
to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
**align**
| /əˈlaɪn/
## Footnote
Make sure the shelf is **aligned** with the top of the cupboard. /
The top and bottom line of each column on the page should **align**.
54
# noun
Arrangement in a straight line or in correct relative positions.
**alignment**
| /əˈlaɪnmənt/
## Footnote
“The wheels of the car are out of **alignment**.”
55
# adjective
Similar to each other.
**alike**
| /əˈlaɪk/
## Footnote
“The two houses are much **alike**.”
56
# noun
A public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal.
**allegation**
| /ˌælɪˈɡeɪʃn/
## Footnote
“He denied the **allegations** of corruption.”
57
# verb
To state something as a fact but without giving proof.
**allege**
| /əˈledʒ/
## Footnote
“The newspaper **alleged** the mayor’s corrupt practices.”
58
# adverb
Used when something illegal or wrong is said to have been done, but has not been proved.
**allegedly**
| /əˈledʒɪdli/
## Footnote
“He was **allegedly** involved in the robbery.”
59
# adjective
Doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job.
**amateur**
| /ˈæmətʃə /
## Footnote
"An **amateur** photographer."
60
# noun
An agreement between countries, political parties, etc. to work together in order to achieve something that they all want.
**alliance**
| /əˈlaɪəns/
## Footnote
“The two parties formed an **alliance**.”
61
# verb
To give something officially to somebody/something for a particular purpose.
**allocate**
| /ˈæləkeɪt/
## Footnote
"A large sum has been **allocated** for buying new books for the library."
62
# noun
An amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose.
**allocation**
| /ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/
## Footnote
"We have spent our entire **allocation** for the year."
63
# noun
A country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in case of a war.
**ally**
| /ˈælaɪ/
## Footnote
"Portugal is a traditional **ally** of England."
64
# noun
An amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for a particular purpose.
**allowance**
| /əˈlaʊəns/
## Footnote
"Do you get an **allowance** for clothing?"
65
# noun
A light, silver-grey metal used for making pans, etc.
**aluminum**
| /əˈluːmɪnəm/
## Footnote
"**Aluminium** saucepans/window frames aluminium foil."
66
# noun
1. a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for pleasure, not as a job /
2. (usually disapproving) a person who does not have enough skill to be able to do something well
**amateur**
| /ˈæmətʃə /
## Footnote
1. The tournament is open to both **amateurs** and professionals. /
2. This work was done by a bunch of **amateurs**!
67
# noun
An official who lives in a foreign country as the senior representative there of their own country.
**ambassador**
| /æmˈbæsədə/
## Footnote
"The British **Ambassador** to Italy/in Rome."
68
# verb
To change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve it.
**amend**
| /əˈmend/
## Footnote
"He asked to see the **amended** version."6
69
# noun
A small change or improvement that is made to a document or proposed new law.
**amendment**
| /əˈmendmənt/
## Footnote
"Parliament passed the bill without further **amendment**."
70
# prep
In the middle of or during something, especially something that causes excitement or fear.
**amid**
| /əˈmɪd/
## Footnote
"He finished his speech **amid** tremendous applause."
71
# noun
A comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features.
**analogy**
| /əˈnælədʒi/
## Footnote
"The teacher drew an **analogy** between the human heart and a pump."
72
# noun
A spirit who is believed to be a servant of God, and is sent by God to deliver a message or perform a task.
**angel**
| /ˈeɪndʒl/
## Footnote
A host of **angels** /
**Angels** are often shown dressed in white, with wings.
73
# adjective
(of a person) with a name that is not known or that is not made public2. Pronunciation
**anonymous**
| /əˈnɒnɪməs/
## Footnote
Example: The money was donated by a local businessman who wishes to remain **anonymous**
74
# noun
A heavy metal object that is attached to a rope or chain and dropped over the side of a ship or boat to keep it in one place.
**anchor**
| /ˈæŋkə /
## Footnote
"We raised the **anchor** and set sail."
75
# noun
The tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task:
**apparatus**
| /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/
## Footnote
Firefighters needed breathing **apparatus** to enter the burning house
76
# adj
Attractive or interesting
**appealing**
| /əˈpiːlɪŋ/
## Footnote
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly **appealing**
77
# noun
Physical desire for food
**appetite**
| /ˈæpɪtaɪt/
## Footnote
He suffered from headaches and loss of **appetite**
78
# verb
To show your approval of somebody/something by clapping your hands.
**applaud**
| /əˈplɔːd/
## Footnote
He started to **applaud** and the others joined in.
79
# adjective
That can be said to be true in the case of somebody/something.
**applicable**
| /ˈæplɪkəbl/
## Footnote
Much of the form was not **applicable** to me
80
# verb
To choose somebody for a job or position of responsibility
**appoint**
| /əˈpɔɪnt/
## Footnote
They have **appointed** a new head teacher at my son’s school.
81
# adjective
Not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair
**arbitrary**
| /ˈɑːbɪtri/
## Footnote
The choice of players for the team seemed completely **arbitrary**.
82
# noun
Pleasure that you have when you recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody/something.
**appreciation**
| /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/
## Footnote
She shows little **appreciation** of good music.
83
# adjective
Relating to architecture and buildings.
**architectural**
| /ˌɑːkɪˈtektʃərəl/
## Footnote
**architectural** features
84
# noun
The grey or black powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood or coal, has burnt
**archive**
| /ˈɑːkaɪv/
## Footnote
The BBC's **archives** are bulging with material.
85
# noun
A place with a flat open area in the middle and seats around it where people can watch sports and entertainment.
**arena**
| /əˈriːnə/
## Footnote
A concert at Wembley **Arena**
86
# adverb
used (often before a comparative or superlative adjective) when you are stating an opinion that you believe you could give reasons to support
**arguably**
| /ˈɑːrɡjuəbli/
## Footnote
He is **arguably** the best actor of his generation.
87
# noun
A violent attack on somebody, usually with physical force but can also mean a determined or forceful attempt to have an impact on somebody or something.
**assault**
| /əˈsɔːlt/
## Footnote
“Both men were charged with **assault**.”
88
# verb
To provide yourself or somebody else with weapons in order to fight a battle or war.
**arm**
| /ɑːm/
## Footnote
The country was **arming** against the enemy.
89
# verb
To express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words.
**articulate**
| /ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪt/
## Footnote
"She struggled to **articulate** her thoughts."
90
# noun
A group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive.
**array**
| /əˈreɪ/
## Footnote
A vast **array** of bottles of different shapes and sizes.
91
# noun
The grey or black powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood or coal, has burnt.
**ash**
| /æʃ/
## Footnote
Cigarette **ash**
92
# noun
A strong desire to achieve something.
**aspiration**
| /ˌæspəˈreɪʃn/
## Footnote
“I didn’t realize you had political **aspirations**.”
93
# verb
To have a strong desire to achieve or to become something.
**aspire**
| /əˈspaɪər/
## Footnote
“She **aspired** to a scientific career.”
94
# noun
A group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or country.
**assembly**
| /əˈsembli/
## Footnote
“Power has been handed over to provincial and regional **assemblies**.”
95
# verb
to attack somebody violently, especially when this is a crime
**assault**
| /əˈsɔːlt/
## Footnote
Four women have been sexually **assaulted** in the area recently.
96
# noun
The act of murdering somebody, especially a famous person or political leader.
**assassination**
| /əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃn/
## Footnote
“The president survived a number of **assassination** attempts.”
97
# verb
To come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group.
**assemble**
| /əˈsembl/
## Footnote
"All the students were asked to **assemble** in the main hall.”
98
# verb
To say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing.
**attribute**
| /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
## Footnote
“She **attributes** her success to hard work and a little luck.”
99
# verb
To state clearly and definitely that something is true.
**assert**
| /əˈsɜːt/
## Footnote
“She continued to **assert** that she was innocent.”
100
# noun
A statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true.
**assertion**
| /əˈsɜːʃn/
## Footnote
“He was correct in his **assertion** that the minister had been lying.”
101
# noun
A statement that something will certainly be true or will certainly happen, particularly when there has been doubt about it.
**assurance**
| /əˈʃʊərəns/
## Footnote
“They called for **assurances** that the government is committed to its education policy.”
102
# noun
Protection that a government gives to people who have left their own country, usually because they were in danger for political reasons.
**asylum**
| /əˈsaɪləm/
## Footnote
There was a nationwide debate on whether the **asylum** laws should be changed."
103
# verb
To succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort.
**attain**
| /əˈteɪn/
## Footnote
“He has **attained** the highest grade in his music exams.”
104
# noun
An extremely cruel, violent, or shocking act.
**atrocity**
| /əˈtrɑːsəti/
## Footnote
“The world was horrified by the **atrocities** committed against civilians.”
105
# noun
The act of being present at a place, for example at school
**attendance**
| /əˈtendəns/
## Footnote
“**Attendance** at these lectures is not compulsory.”
106
# noun
a lawyer, especially one who can act for somebody in court
**attorney**
| /əˈtɜːrni/
## Footnote
The prosecuting **attorney** began with a short opening statement.
107
# noun
A quality or characteristic that someone or something has.
**attribute**
| /əˈtrɪbjuːt/
## Footnote
“One of the key **attributes** of a good manager is flexibility.”
108
# noun
An official examination of business accounts.
**audit**
| /ˈɔːdɪt/
## Footnote
“The company’s accounts are subject to an annual **audit**.”
109
# adjective
Known to be real and not fake.
**authentic**
| /ɔːˈθentɪk/
## Footnote
“The signature on the painting is **authentic**.”
110
# verb
To give official permission for something to happen.
**authorize**
| /ˈɔːθəraɪz/
## Footnote
“The city council has **authorized** the construction of a new library.”
111
# noun
The right of a group of people to govern itself, or to organize its own activities.
**autonomy**
| /ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/
## Footnote
“The university has the **autonomy** to govern its own affairs.”
112
# noun
A car.
**auto**
| /ˈɔːtoʊ/
## Footnote
“He drives a red **auto**.”
113
# noun
The state of being able to be used or obtained.
**availability**
| /əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/
## Footnote
“The **availability** of affordable housing is limited in the city.”
114
# verb
To wait for something or someone.
**await**
| /əˈweɪt/
## Footnote
“She is anxiously **awaiting** her test results.”
115
# noun
Everything that can be seen around an event or scene.
**backdrop**
| /ˈbækdrɑp/
## Footnote
"The mountains provided a dramatic **backdrop** for our picnic."
116
# noun
Extra help or support that you can get if necessary
**backup**
| /ˈbækʌp/
## Footnote
The police had **backup** from the army.
117
# noun
Help and support from somebody to do something; financial support for something.
**backing**
| /ˈbækɪŋ/
## Footnote
The police gave the proposals their full **backing**.
118
# noun
Money that somebody agrees to pay if a person accused of a crime does not appear at their trial.
**bail**
| /beɪl/
## Footnote
Can anyone put up **bail** for you?
119
# noun
The system of voting in writing and usually in secret; an occasion on which a vote is held.
**ballot**
| /ˈbælət/
## Footnote
The chairperson is chosen by secret **ballot**.
120
# noun
A long piece of cloth with a message on it that is carried between two poles or hung in a public place to show support for something.
**banner**
| /ˈbænər/
## Footnote
A huge **banner** over the street said ‘Welcome home’.
121
# adjective
Not covered by any clothes.
**bare**
| /beər/
## Footnote
She likes to walk around in **bare** feet.
122
# noun
A large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides.
**barrel**
| /ˈbærəl/
## Footnote
They filled the **barrels** with cider.
123
# noun
The lowest tone or part in music, for instruments or voices.
**bass**
| /beɪs/
## Footnote
He always plays his stereo with the **bass** turned right up.
124
# verb
to hit something small that is flying through the air
**bat**
## Footnote
He **batted** the wasp away.
125
# noun
A place where a battle is being fought or has been fought.
**battlefield**
| /ˈbætlfiːld/
## Footnote
Heavy casualties on the **battlefield**. He was wounded on the battlefield
126
# noun
A part of the sea, or of a large lake, partly surrounded by a wide curve of the land.
**bay**
| /beɪ/
## Footnote
The **Bay** of Bengal.
Hudson **Bay**.
A magnificent view across the **bay**.
127
# noun
A line of light, electromagnetic waves or particles.
**beam**
| /biːm/
## Footnote
Narrow **beams** of light/sunlight.
The **beam** of a torch/flashlight.
A laser/electron **beam**.
128
# noun
An animal, especially one that is large or dangerous, or one that is unusual.
**beast**
| /biːst/
## Footnote
Wild/savage/ferocious **beasts**.
Mythical **beasts** such as unicorns and dragons.
129
# noun
In or to a lower position than somebody/something; under somebody/something.
**behalf**
| /bɪˈhɑːf/
## Footnote
They collected money in **behalf** of the homeless.
130
# adjective
Loved very much.
**beloved**
| /bɪˈlʌvɪd/
## Footnote
In memory of our dearly **beloved** son, John. /
They were glad to be back in their **beloved** Ireland.
131
# noun
A long seat for two or more people, usually made of wood.
**bench**
| /bentʃ/
## Footnote
A park **bench**.
132
# noun
Something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with.
**benchmark**
| /ˈbentʃmɑːk/
## Footnote
Tests at the age of seven provide a **benchmark** against which the child’s progress at school can be measured.
133
# preposition
In or to a lower position than somebody/something; under somebody/something.
**beneath**
| /bɪˈniːθ/
## Footnote
They found the body buried **beneath** a pile of leaves. / The boat sank **beneath** the waves.
134
# noun
A person who gains as a result of something.
**beneficiary**
| /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəri/
## Footnote
Example: Who will be the main **beneficiary** of the cuts in income tax?
135
# verb
To give information about somebody/something to an enemy.
**betray**
| /bɪˈtreɪ/
## Footnote
He was offered money to **betray** his colleagues.
136
# verb
To tie somebody/something with rope, string, etc. so that they/it cannot move or are held together strongly.
**bind**
| /baɪnd/
bind - bound - bound
## Footnote
She was **bound** to a chair.
137
# noun
The story of a person’s life written by somebody else; this type of writing.
**biography**
| /baɪˈɒɡrəfi/
## Footnote
Boswell’s **biography** of Johnson.
138
# noun
A senior priest in charge of the work of the Church in a city or district.
**bishop**
| /ˈbɪʃəp/
## Footnote
The **Bishop** of Oxford.
139
# adjective
Very strange or unusual.
**bizarre**
| /bɪˈzɑː/
## Footnote
A **bizarre** situation/incident/story.
140
# noun
The flat part of a knife, tool or machine, which has a sharp edge or edges for cutting.
**blade**
| /bleɪd/
## Footnote
The machine comes with a plastic guard over the **blade** to protect the operator.
141
# noun
An explosion or a powerful movement of air caused by an explosion.
**blast**
| /blɑːst/
## Footnote
A bomb **blast**.
142
# verb
To lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury.
**bleed**
| /bliːd/
## Footnote
My finger’s **bleeding**.
143
# verb
To mix two or more substances together.
**blend**
| /blend/
## Footnote
**Blend** the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste.
144
# verb
To ask God to protect somebody/something.
**bless**
| /bles/
## Footnote
They brought the children to Jesus and he **blessed** them.
145
# noun
God’s help and protection, or a prayer asking for this. /
An approval of or permission for something. /
Something that is good or helpful
**blessing**
## Footnote
To pray for God’s **blessing**.
The government gave its **blessing** to the new plans. It’s a **blessing** that nobody was in the house at the time.
146
# verb
To talk in a way that shows you are too proud of something that you have or can do.
**boast**
| /baʊst/
## Footnote
I don’t want to boast, but I can actually speak six languages.
147
# noun
An extra amount of money that is added to a payment, especially to somebody’s wages or salary as a reward. /
Another pleasant thing in addition to something you were expecting.
**bonus**
| /ˈbəʊnəs/
## Footnote
A £100 Christmas bonus3. The sunny weather was an added **bonus**.
148
# verb
If something .... or you .... it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this. /
**bounce**
| /baʊns/
## Footnote
The ball **bounced** twice before he could reach it.
149
# noun
A real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places;
a dividing line.
**boundary**
| /ˈbaʊndri/
## Footnote
After the war the national **boundaries** were redrawn.
150
# verb
To move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards as a sign of respect or to say hello or goodbye. /
A weapon used for shooting arrows, consisting of a long curved piece of wood or metal with a tight string joining its ends.
**bow**
| /bəʊ/
## Footnote
He **bowed** low to the assembled crowd. /
He was armed with a **bow** and arrow.
151
# noun
A sudden increase in trade and economic activity; /
a period of wealth and success. /
A loud deep sound.
**boom**
| /buːm/
## Footnote
Living standards improved rapidly during the post-war **boom**.
Outside, thunder **boomed** and crashed.
152
# noun
A failure to do something that must be done by law.
**breach**
| /briːtʃ/
## Footnote
They are in **breach** of Article 1199.
153
# noun
An occasion when a vehicle or machine stops working.
**breakdown**
| /ˈbreɪkdaʊn/
## Footnote
A **breakdown** on the motorway.
154
# noun
An important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement.
**breakthrough**
| /ˈbreɪkθruː/
## Footnote
To make/achieve a **breakthrough**
155
# noun
A particular type of animal that has been developed by people in a certain way, especially a type of dog, cat, or farm animal.
**breed**
| /briːd/
## Footnote
Labradors and other large **breeds** of dog
156
# verb
To keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones for a particular purpose.
**breed**
| /briːd/
**breed - bred - bred**
## Footnote
The rabbits are **bred** for their long coats.
157
# noun
A way of connecting to the internet that allows you to receive information, including pictures, etc., very quickly and that is always active.
**broadband**
| /ˈbrɔːdbænd/
## Footnote
Plans to provide rural areas with fast **broadband**
158
# noun
A computer program that lets you look at or read documents on the World Wide Web
**browser**
| /ˈbraʊzər/
## Footnote
What do you use as your default **browser**?
159
# Adjective
Violent and cruel
**brutal**
| /ˈbruːtl/
## Footnote
A **brutal** attack/murder/rape/killing
160
# noun
A US, Australian or New Zealand dollar; a South African rand; an Indian rupee.
**buck**
| /bʌk/
## Footnote
They cost ten **bucks**
161
# noun
A friend
**buddy**
| /ˈbʌdi/
(plural **buddies**)
(North American English also **bud**)
## Footnote
An old college **buddy** of mine.
162
# noun
A thing or person that reduces a shock or protects somebody/something against difficulties.
**buffer**
| /ˈbʌfər/
## Footnote
Support from family and friends acts as a **buffer** against stress.
163
# noun
The (large) size or quantity of something
**bulk**
| /bʌlk/
## Footnote
Despite its **bulk** and weight, the car is extremely fast.
164
# noun
A duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work.
**burden**
| /ˈbɜːrdn/
## Footnote
The main **burden** of caring for old people falls on the state
165
# noun
The system of official rules and ways of doing things that a government or an organization has, especially when these seem to be too complicated
**bureaucracy**
| /bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi/
## Footnote
We need to reduce paperwork and **bureaucracy** in the company
166
# noun
The act or ceremony of burying a dead body
**burial**
| /ˈberiəl/
## Footnote
Her body was sent home for **burial**
167
# verb
To break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside;
to make something break in this way
**burst**
| /bɜːrst/
## Footnote
That balloon will **burst** if you blow it up any more
168
# noun
1. a group of senior members of a government that is responsible for advising and deciding on government policy;
2. a piece of furniture with doors, drawers and/or shelves, that is used for storing or showing things
**cabinet**
| /ˈkæbɪnət/
## Footnote
1. a **cabinet** meeting
2. “kitchen **cabinets**” or "a medicine **cabinet**".
169
# noun
the act or process of using numbers to find out an amount
**calculation**
| /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn/
## Footnote
Cathy did a rough **calculation**”
"By my **calculation**(s), we made a profit of £20,000 last year"
170
# noun
a strong, heavy, rough material used for making tents, sails, etc., and by artists for painting on.
**canvas**
| /ˈkænvəs/
## Footnote
tents made from heavy **canvas**
171
# adjective
something based on the principles of capitalism.
**capitalist**
| /ˈkæpɪtəlɪst/
## Footnote
"a **capitalist** society/system/economy"
172
# noun
the ability or qualities necessary to do something.
**capability**
| /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/
## Footnote
“Age affects the range of a person’s **capabilities**” /
"She has the **capability** to become a very fine actor"
173
# noun
an economic system in which a country’s businesses and industry are controlled and run for profit by private owners rather than by the government.
**capitalism**
| /ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/
## Footnote
the growth of industrial **capitalism** in the West
174
# noun
a separate section of a train for carrying passengers /
a road vehicle, usually with four wheels, that is pulled by one or more horses and was used in the past to carry people.
**carriage**
| /ˈkærɪdʒ/
## Footnote
a railway **carriage**
175
# noun
the goods carried in a ship, an aircraft, or a motor vehicle
**cargo**
| /ˈkɑːrɡəʊ/
## Footnote
"The tanker began to spill its **cargo** of oil"
176
# verb
to make objects, patterns, etc. by cutting away material from a piece of wood or stone, or another hard material. /
the act of writing something on a surface by cutting into it.
**carve**
| /kɑːrv/
## Footnote
“They **carved** their initials on the desk” /
"A Latin inscription had been **carved** on the lid of the box".
177
# noun
a public building or room where people play gambling games for money10. For example,
**casino**
| /kəˈsiːnoʊ/
## Footnote
"a new hotel and casino in Las Vegas"
178
# noun
A person who is killed or injured in war or in an accident.
**casualty**
| /ˈkæʒuəlti/
## Footnote
“Our primary objective is reducing road **casualties**. Both sides had suffered heavy casualties”.
179
# noun
A complete list of items, for example of things that people can look at or buy
**catalogue**
| /ˈkætəlɔːɡ/
## Footnote
. “A mail-order **catalogue**”.
180
# verb
To provide food and drinks for a social event.
**cater**
| /ˈkeɪtər/
## Footnote
“Most of our work now involves **catering** for weddings”.
181
# noun
Cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat.
**cattle**
| /ˈkætl/
## Footnote
“He moved his **cattle** farther down into the valley in winter”.
182
# noun
Care that you take in order to avoid danger or mistakes; the fact of not taking any risks.
**caution**
| /ˈkɔːʃn/
## Footnote
“Statistics should be treated with **caution**”.
183
Being careful about what you say or do, especially to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks.
**cautious**
| /ˈkɔːʃəs/
## Footnote
“The government has been **cautious** in its response to the report”.
184
# verb
To stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing.
**cease**
| /siːs/
## Footnote
“Welfare payments **cease** as soon as an individual starts a job”.
185
# noun
An area of land used for burying dead people, especially one that is not next to a church.
**cemetery**
| /ˈsemətri/
## Footnote
“He was buried in a private **cemetery**”.
186
# noun
A hall in a public building that is used for formal meetings.
**chamber**
| /ˈtʃeɪmbə/
## Footnote
“The members left the council **chamber**”.
187
# noun
A state of complete confusion and lack of order.
**chaos**
| /ˈkeɪɑs/
## Footnote
“Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads”.
188
# verb
To describe or show the qualities of somebody/something in a particular way.
**characterize**
| /ˈkærəktəraɪz/
## Footnote
"Activities that are **characterized** as ‘male’ or ‘female’ work".
189
# noun
The power of pleasing or attracting people
**charm**
| /tʃɑːrm/
## Footnote
He was a man of great **charm**. /
The hotel is full of **charm** and character
190
# noun
A written grant by a country’s legislative or sovereign power, by which a body such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges defined
**charter**
| /ˈtʃɑːrtər/
## Footnote
The United Nations **Charter**
191
# adjective
(of a disease) lasting for a long time; difficult to cure
**chronic**
| /ˈkrɑːnɪk/
## Footnote
**Chronic** bronchitis/arthritis/asthma
192
# noun
A thick, solid piece that has been cut or broken off something
**chunk**
| /tʃʌŋk/
## Footnote
A **chunk** of cheese/masonry
193
# verb
When a liquid, gas or air .... or is ..., it moves continuously around a place or system
**circulate**
| /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪt/
## Footnote
The condition prevents the blood from **circulating** freely. /
Cooled air is **circulated** throughout the building
194
# noun
The passing or spreading of something from one person or place to another
**circulation**
| /ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃn/
## Footnote
The **circulation** of money/information/ideas
195
# noun
The legal right to belong to a particular country
**citizenship**
| /ˈsɪtɪzənʃɪp/
## Footnote
They were granted full French **citizenship**. /
You can apply for **citizenship** after five years’ residency
196
# adjcetive
Officially connected with a town or city
**civic**
| /ˈsɪvɪk/
## Footnote
**Civic** buildings/leaders
197
# adjective
Not belonging to or having a role in the armed forces
**civilian**
| /sɪˈvɪliən/
## Footnote
**Civilian** casualties/life
198
# noun
A person who is not a member of the military, the police, or a fire department
**civilian**
| /sɪˈvɪliən/
## Footnote
The war caused many **civilian** casualties
199
# noun
The quality of being clear and easy to understand
**clarity**
| /ˈklærɪti/
## Footnote
The **clarity** of the picture. The report is lacking in clarity.
200
# noun
A short fight between two groups of people.
**clash**
| /klæʃ/
## Footnote
**Clashes** broke out between police and demonstrators.
201
# noun
The act or process of putting people or things into a group or class.
**classification**
| /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/)
## Footnote
A document with the security **classification** ‘confidential’.
202
# verb
To hold on tightly to somebody/something
cling
| /klɪŋ/
## Footnote
Survivors **clinging** to a raft
203
# adjective
Relating to the examination and treatment of patients and their illnesses.
**clinical**
| /ˈklɪnɪkl/
## Footnote
She regarded her patients from a purely **clinical** standpoint
204
# noun
A group of things of the same type that grow or appear close together
**cluster**
| /ˈklʌstə /
## Footnote
The telescope is focused on a dense **cluster** of stars at the edge of the galaxy
204
# noun
The situation when a factory, school, hospital, etc. shuts permanently
**closure**
| /ˈkləʊʒə /
## Footnote
Spending cuts could mean the **closure** of the village school
205
# noun
A government formed by two or more political parties working together.
**coalition**
| /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn/
## Footnote
The two parties have formed a **coalition**
205
# adjective
Of or near a coast.
**coastal**
| /ˈkəʊstl/
## Footnote
A **coastal** path (one that follows the line of the coast)
206
# noun
An alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or spirits mixed with other ingredients, such as fruit juice or cream.
**cocktail**
| /ˈkɑːkteɪl/
## Footnote
She sipped her **cocktail** slowly
207
# adjective
Connected with mental processes of understanding
**cognitive**
| /ˈkɒɡnətɪv/
## Footnote
A child’s **cognitive** development
208
# noun
to describe when two or more events take place at the same time
**coincide**
| /ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/
## Footnote
“It’s a pity our trips to New York don’t **coincide**.”
209
# verb
to work together with somebody in order to produce or achieve something.
**collaborate**
| /kəˈlæbəreɪt/
## Footnote
“Researchers around the world are **collaborating** to develop a new vaccine.”
210
# verb
to the act of working with another person or group of people to create or produce something.
**collaboration**
| /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/
## Footnote
“It was a **collaboration** that produced extremely useful results.”
211
# adjective
used to describe something done or shared by all members of a group of people; /
involving a whole group or society.
**collective**
| /kəˈlektɪv/
## Footnote
**collective** leadership/decision-making/responsibility; /
**collective** memory (= things that a group of people or a community know or remember, that are often passed from parents to children)
211
# noun
an accident in which two vehicles or people crash into each other
**collision**
| /kəˈlɪʒn/
## Footnote
“Stewart was injured in a **collision** with another player.”
212
# noun
a journalist who writes regular articles for a newspaper or magazine
**columnist**
| /ˈkɒləmnɪst/
## Footnote
a gossip/newspaper/political **columnist**
213
# adjective
connected with or belonging to a country that controls another country
**colonial**
| /kəˈləʊniəl/
## Footnote
a **colonial** power;
Tunisia achieved independence from French **colonial** rule in 1956;
Western **colonial** attitudes
214
# noun
fighting or a fight, especially during a time of war.
**combat**
| /ˈkɒmbæt/
## Footnote
“He was killed in **combat**.”
215
# noun
A member of a commission, an official group of people who are responsible for controlling something or finding out about something.
**commissioner**
| /kəˈmɪʃənər/
## Footnote
European **Commissioners**
215
# noun
A spoken description of an event that is given while it is happening, especially on the radio or television
**commentary**
| /ˈkɑːmənteri/
## Footnote
our reporters will give a running **commentary** on the election results as they are announced
215
# noun
A product or a raw material that can be bought and sold.
**commodity**
| /kəˈmɑːdəti/
## Footnote
rice, flour and other basic **commodities**
215
# noun
Trade, especially between countries; the buying and selling of goods and services
**commerce**
| /ˈkɑːmɜːrs/
## Footnote
Leaders of industry and **commerce** met at the summit in Paris.
215
# verb / (formal)
to fight against an enemy
**combat**
| /ˈkɒmbæt/
## Footnote
The security forces were unwilling to **combat** the insurgents.
215
# noun
A person who describes an event while it is happening, especially on television or radio
**commentator**
| /ˈkɑːmənteɪtər/
## Footnote
a television/sports **commentator**;
He's one of the great sports **commentators** of our time.
216
# noun
Connected with communism.
**communist**
| /ˈkɑːmjənɪst/
## Footnote
a **Communist** country/government/leader
216
# noun
A person or an animal that travels with you or spends a lot of time with you.
**companion**
| /kəmˈpænjən/
## Footnote
Geoff was my **companion** on the journey.
216
# adjective
Similar to somebody/something else and able to be compared
**comparable**
| /ˈkɑːmpərəbl/
## Footnote
a **comparable** house in the south of the city would cost twice as much8.
216
# noun
A strong feeling of sympathy for people or animals who are suffering and a desire to help them.
**compassion**
| /kəmˈpæʃn/
## Footnote
to feel/show **compassion**;
She was known as a hard woman with no **compassion**, no emotion. ;
In an overworked doctor, feelings of **compassion** are soon lost.
217
# verb
To force somebody to do something; to make something necessary
**compel**
| /kəmˈpel/
## Footnote
The law can **compel** fathers to make regular payments for their children.
218
# adjective
That makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting
**compelling**
| /kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/
## Footnote
her latest book makes **compelling** reading
218
# noun
Something, especially money, that somebody gives you because they have hurt you, or damaged something that you own
**compensation**
| /ˌkɑːmpenˈseɪʃn/
## Footnote
the employer has a duty to pay full **compensation** for injuries received at work
219
# noun
The ability to do something well
**competence**
| /ˈkɑːmpɪtəns/
## Footnote
to gain a high level of **competence** in English4
220
# adjective
Having enough skill or knowledge to do something well or to the necessary standard
**competent**
| /ˈkɑːmpɪtənt/
## Footnote
he’s very **competent** in his work
221
# verb
To produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc
**compile**
| /kəmˈpaɪl/
## Footnote
we are trying to **compile** a list of suitable people for the job6.
221
# verb
To add to something in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive
**complement**
| /ˈkɑːmplɪment/
## Footnote
the excellent menu is **complemented** by a good wine list.
221
# verb
To act in order to balance or correct something wrong or not normal
**compensate**
| /ˈkɑːmpenseɪt/
## Footnote
in the second experiment, the temperature was raised to **compensate** for this bias
222
# noun
The state of being formed of many parts; the state of being difficult to understand
**complexity**
| /kəmˈpleksəti/
## Footnote
the increasing **complexity** of modern telecommunication systems
223
# noun
The practice of obeying rules or requests made by people in authority
**compliance**
| /kəmˈplaɪəns/
## Footnote
procedures that must be followed to ensure full **compliance** with the law
223
# noun
A thing that makes a situation more complicated or difficult
**complication**
| /ˌkɑːmplɪˈkeɪʃn/
## Footnote
the bad weather added a further **complication** to our journey
224
# verb
To obey a rule, an order, etc.; to meet particular standards.
**comply**
| /kəmˈplaɪ/
## Footnote
“They refused to **comply** with the UN resolution.”
225
# noun
The different parts that something is made of; the way in which the different parts are organized.
**composition**
| /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃn/
## Footnote
“The chemical **composition** of the soil.”
226
# noun
An agreement made between two people or groups in which each side gives up some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the end.
**compromise**
| /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz/
## Footnote
“After lengthy talks, the two sides finally reached a **compromise**.”
227
# verb
To settle a dispute by agreeing that each side will give up something.
**compromise**
| /ˈkɑːmprəmaɪz/
## Footnote
“It was a difficult decision to make, but eventually we **compromised**.”
228
# verb
to begin to happen; to begin something.
**commence**
| /kəˈmens/
## Footnote
“The negotiations are scheduled to **commence** at noon.”
229
# verb
To calculate something.
**compute**
| /kəmˈpjuːt/
## Footnote
“The losses were **computed** at £5 million.”
230
# verb
To admit, often unwillingly, that something is true.
**concede**
| /kənˈsiːd/
## Footnote
“He was forced to **concede** (that) there might be difficulties.”
230
# verb
To hide somebody/something.
**conceal**
| /kənˈsiːl/
## Footnote
“The paintings were **concealed** beneath a thick layer of plaster.”
231
# verb
To form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind; to imagine something.
**conceive**
| /kənˈsiːv/
## Footnote
“He **conceived** the idea of transforming the old power station into an arts center.”
232
# noun
An idea or a mental image that your mind can form of something or somebody.
**conception**
| /kənˈsepʃn/
## Footnote
“Marx’s **conception** of social justice.”
232
# noun
Something that you allow or do, or allow somebody to have, in order to end an argument or to make a situation less difficult.
**concession**
| /kənˈseʃn/
## Footnote
“The firm will be forced to make **concessions** if it wants to avoid a strike.”
233
# verb
to express very strong disapproval of somebody/something, usually for moral reasons;
to sentence somebody to a particular punishment, especially death;
to say that something is very bad or unacceptable.
**condemn**
| /kənˈdem/
## Footnote
The violence was **condemned** as an act of barbarism. He was **condemned** to life imprisonment.
The building was **condemned** as unsafe.
234
# verb
to discuss something with somebody, in order to exchange opinions or get advice;
to give somebody an award, a degree, a right, etc.;
to give somebody/something a particular quality or title.
**confer**
| /kənˈfɜːr/
## Footnote
He wanted to **confer** with his colleagues before reaching a decision.
The university **conferred** an honorary degree on her. The new constitution **confers** wide powers on the president.
234
# noun
a statement that a person makes, admitting that they are guilty of a crime;
a statement that a person makes, admitting that they have done something wrong or embarrassing;
the act of confessing something, especially your sins to a priest in the Roman Catholic Church.
**confession**
| /kənˈfeʃn/
## Footnote
He signed a **confession** to both murders.
She made a **confession**: she had never read any of his books.
He went to **confession** every week.
235
# noun
the arrangement of the parts that make up a whole, especially in a computer system or a machine;
the shape or outline of something.
**configuration**
| /kənˌfɪɡjəˈreɪʃn/
## Footnote
You can change the **configuration** of your computer. The aircraft has a low-wing **configuration**.
236
# verb
to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc.;
to keep somebody in a small or closed space; to prevent somebody from leaving a place, especially a place where they have been put as a punishment.
**confine**
| /kənˈfaɪn/
## Footnote
Please **confine** your use of the phone to business calls.
The bird was **confined** in a small cage.
He was **confined** to a prison cell for 23 hours a day.
237
# noun
a situation in which there is a lot of angry disagreement between two people or groups; the act of facing or meeting somebody, especially in an angry or aggressive way.
**confrontation**
| /ˌkɑːnfrʌnˈteɪʃn/
## Footnote
The police are trying to avoid a violent **confrontation** with the protesters.
He was killed in a **confrontation** with a rival gang.
237
# verb
to tell somebody that you are pleased about their success, good luck, etc.;
to tell somebody that you think they have done something very well.
**congratulate**
| /kənˈɡrætʃuleɪt/
## Footnote
I’d like to **congratulate** you on your promotion.
He **congratulated** her on her excellent exam results.
238
# noun
a group of people who are gathered together in a church or other religious building for a service, prayer, etc.;
a group of people who regularly attend religious services;
a group of people or animals that are gathered together in one place
**congregation**
| /ˌkɑːŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃn/
## Footnote
The priest addressed the **congregation**.
She joined the **congregation** of a local church.
A large **congregation** of birds was perched on the tree.
239
# adjective
connected with the Congress of the United States or its members.
**congressional**
| /kənˈɡreʃənl/
## Footnote
A **congressional** committee is investigating the scandal.
He is a **congressional** representative from Texas.
240
# verb
To gain control of or subdue by military force; to overcome by force of arms;
to take possession of
**conquer**
| /ˈkɑːŋkər/
## Footnote
"The Normans **conquered** England in 1066"
241
# noun
The state of being able to use your senses and mental powers to understand what is happening.
**consciousness**
| /ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs/
## Footnote
I can't remember any more—I must have lost **consciousness**.
She did not regain **consciousness** and died the next day.
242
# adjective
Following one after another in a continuous series.
**consecutive**
| /kənˈsekjətɪv/
## Footnote
"She was absent for nine **consecutive** days"
242
# noun
An opinion that all members of a group agree with
**consensus**
| /kənˈsɛnsəs/
## Footnote
"There is a growing **consensus** of opinion on this issue"
243
# noun
The part of your mind that tells you whether your actions are right or wrong
**conscience**
| /ˈkɑːnʃəns/
## Footnote
"She was seized by a sudden pang of conscience"
244
# noun
Permission to do something, especially given by somebody in authority.
**consent**
| /kənˈsent/
## Footnote
"Children under 16 cannot give **consent** to medical treatment".
244
# verb
To agree to something or give your permission for something
**consent**
| /kənˈsent/
## Footnote
"She finally **consented** to answer our questions"
245
# verb
To protect something and prevent it from being changed or destroyed;
to use as little of something as possible so that it lasts a long time
**conserve**
| /kənˈsɜːv/
## Footnote
"Help to **conserve** energy by insulating your home"
246
# noun
The quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc.; the quality of being consistent
**consistency**
| /kənˈsɪstənsi/
## Footnote
"She has played with great **consistency** all season"
247
# verb
To make a position of power or success stronger so that it is more likely to continue;
to join things together into one
**consolidate**
| /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/
## Footnote
"With this new movie he has consolidated his position as the country’s leading director"
248
# noun
the people who live in and vote in a particular district
**constituency**
| /kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/
## Footnote
**constituency** opinion
249
# verb
To be considered to be something; to be the parts that together form something
**constitute**
| /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/
## Footnote
"Female workers **constitute** the majority of the labour force"
250
# noun
The system of laws and basic principles that a state, a country or an organization is governed by
**constitution**
| /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃn/
## Footnote
"Your right to vote under the constitution"
251
# adjective
Relating to the constitution of a country or organization
**constitutional**
| /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/
## Footnote
"A **constitutional** amendment".
252
# noun
A thing that limits something, or limits your freedom to do something.
**constraint**
| /kənˈstreɪnt/
## Footnote
**Constraints** of time/money/space; / financial/economic/legal/political **constraints**.
253
# noun
The act of discussing something with somebody or with a group of people before making a decision about it
**consultation**
| /ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn/
## Footnote
The decision was taken after close **consultation** with local residents
254
# verb
To think about whether you should do something, or how you should do something.
**contemplate**
| /ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/
## Footnote
I have never **contemplated** living abroad
255
# noun
The feeling that somebody/something is without value and deserves no respect at all.
**contempt**
| /kənˈtempt/
## Footnote
She looked at him with **contempt**
256
# verb
To compete against somebody in order to gain something.
**contend**
| /kənˈtend/
## Footnote
Three armed groups were **contending** for power
256
# noun
A person or team with a chance of winning a competition.
**contender**
| /kənˈtendə /
## Footnote
A **contender** for a gold medal in the Olympics.
257
# noun
a statement, letter, etc. that shows that something is true, correct or definite
**confirmation**
| /ˌkɑːnfərˈmeɪʃn/
## Footnote
I'm still waiting for **confirmation** of the test results.
258
# verb
confront somebody/something (of problems or a difficult situation) to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody
**confront**
| /kənˈfrʌnt/
## Footnote
What is to be done about the economic problems **confronting** the country?
I was suddenly **confronted** by the task of rewriting the entire book.
The government found itself **confronted** by massive opposition.
259
# noun
The subject matter of a book, speech, programme, etc
**content**
| /ˈkɒntent/
## Footnote
Her poetry has a good deal of political **content**.
260
# adverb
In a way that is repeated many times so that it is annoying
**continually**
| /kənˈtɪnjuəli/
## Footnote
They argue **continually** about money.
260
# noun
A belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argument.
**contention**
| /kənˈtenʃn/
## Footnote
It is our client’s **contention** that the fire was an accident
260
# noun
A lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc
**contradiction**
| /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkʃn/
## Footnote
There is a **contradiction** between the two sets of figures
260
# noun
a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company
**contractor**
| /ˈkɑːntræktər/
## Footnote
a building/roofing/electrical **contractor**
a defence/security/military/civilian **contractor**
a private/an independent **contractor**
to employ an outside **contractor**
261
# adjective
Completely different in nature or direction; different from something; against something
**contrary**
| /ˈkɑːntreri/
## Footnote
**Contrary** advice/opinions/arguments.
**Contrary** to popular belief, many cats dislike milk.
262
# noun
A person who writes articles for a magazine, book or website, or who talks on a radio or television program or at a meeting
**contributor**
| /kənˈtrɪbjətər/
## Footnote
She is a regular **contributor** to this magazine
262
# noun
the opposite fact, event or situation
**contrary**
| /ˈkɑːntreri/
## Footnote
In the end the **contrary** was proved true: he was innocent and she was guilty.
263
# noun
The act or process of changing something from one form, use or system to another.
**conversion**
| /kənˈvɜːrʒn/
## Footnote
Their main business is the **conversion** of farm buildings into family homes
264
# verb
To decide and state officially in court that somebody is guilty of a crime
**convict**
| /kənˈvɪkt/
## Footnote
He was **convicted** of fraud
264
# noun
The act of finding somebody guilty of a crime in court;
the fact of having been found guilty.
**conviction**
| /kənˈvɪkʃn/
## Footnote
He plans to appeal against his **conviction**
265
# verb
To work together with somebody else in order to achieve something.
**cooperate**
| /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/
## Footnote
The two groups agreed to **cooperate** with each other
266
# adjective
Involving doing something together or working together with others towards a shared aim
**cooperative**
| /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/
## Footnote
This is a **cooperative** venture with the University of Copenhagen.
267
# verb
To organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
**coordinate**
| /koʊˈɔrdnˌeɪt/
## Footnote
They appointed a new manager to **coordinate** the work of the team
268
# noun
The act of making parts of something, groups of people, etc. work together in an efficient and organized way
**coordination**
| /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃn/
## Footnote
The aim was to improve the **coordination** of services
268
# noun
A person who organizes the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
**coordinator**
| /kəʊˈɔːdɪneɪtə /
## Footnote
The campaign needs an effective **coordinator**
269
# noun
A chemical element; a soft red-brown metal used for making electric wires, pipes, and coins
**copper**
| /ˈkɒpə /
## Footnote
A **copper** mine
269
# noun (informal)
A police officer
**cop**
| /kɒp/
## Footnote
Somebody call the **cops**.
children playing **cops** and **robbers**
a TV **cop** show
270
# noun
the legal right to be the only producer or seller of a book, play, film, or record for a specific length of time
**copyright**
| /ˈkɒpiraɪt/
## Footnote
**Copyright** expires seventy years after the death of the author
270
# noun
A change that makes something more accurate than it was before
**correction**
| /kəˈrekʃn/
## Footnote
I’ve made a few small **corrections** to your report
271
# verb
If two or more facts, figures, etc. ........ or if a fact, figure, etc. ........... with another, the facts are closely connected and affect or depend on each other6
**correlate**
| /ˈkɒrəleɪt/
## Footnote
The figures do not seem to **correlate**.
271
# noun
A connection between two things in which one thing changes as the other does
**correlation**
| /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃn/
## Footnote
There is a direct **correlation** between exposure to sun and skin cancer
272
# verb
To be similar to or the same as something else.
**correspond**
| /ˈkɒrəleɪt/
## Footnote
The British job of Lecturer **corresponds** roughly to the US Associate Professor.
273
# noun
The letters, emails, etc. a person sends and receives
**correspondence**
| /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndəns/
## Footnote
Personal/private **correspondence**.
274
# noun
A person who reports news from a particular country or on a particular subject for a newspaper or a television or radio station
**correspondent**
| /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/
## Footnote
She’s the BBC’s political **correspondent**.
275
# adjetive
matching or connected with something that you have just mentioned
**corresponding**
| /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndɪŋ/
SYNONYM **equivalent**
## Footnote
Fewer houses are available, but there is no **corresponding** decrease in demand.
275
# adjective
(of people) willing to use their power to do dishonest or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage.
**corrupt**
| /kəˈrʌpt/
## Footnote
It was seen as the only way to overthrow a **corrupt** regime.
275
# noun
Dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority.
**corruption**
| /kəˈrʌpʃn/
## Footnote
The new district attorney has promised to fight police **corruption**.
276
# adverb
Costing a lot of money, especially more than you want to pay. Synonym: expensive.
**costly**
| /ˈkɒstli/
## Footnote
Buying new furniture may prove too **costly**.
276
# noun
A member of a city or county council.
**councillor**
| /ˈkaʊnsələ/
## Footnote
Talk to your local **councillor** about the problem.
276
# noun
Professional advice about a problem.
**counselling**
| /ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ/
## Footnote
The couple decided to go for relationship **counselling**.
277
# noun
A person who has been trained to advise people with problems, especially personal problems.
**counsellor**
| /ˈkaʊnsələ/
## Footnote
I went to see a debt **counsellor** and she agreed to come to the bank with me.
278
# noun
A long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop, bank, etc.
**counter**
| /ˈkaʊntə/
## Footnote
I asked the woman behind the **counter** if they had any postcards.
279
# noun
A person or thing that has the same position or function as somebody/something else in a different place or situation.
**counterpart**
| /ˈkaʊntəpɑːt/
## Footnote
The Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese **counterpart**.
279
# adjective
Very many; too many to be counted or mentioned.
**countless**
| /ˈkaʊntləs/
## Footnote
I’ve warned her **countless** times.
280
# noun
Polite behavior that shows respect for other people.
**courtesy**
| /ˈkərt̮əsi/
## Footnote
I was treated with the utmost **courtesy** by the staff.
280
# noun
A sudden change of government that is illegal and often violent.
**coup**
| /kuː/
## Footnote
He seized power in a military **coup** in 2008.
281
# noun
An activity involving a special skill at making things with your hands.
**craft**
| /krɑːft/
## Footnote
Traditional **crafts** like basket-weaving.
282
# verb
to move forward on your hands and knees or with your body close to the ground
**crawl**
| /krɔːl/
## Footnote
Our baby is just starting to **crawl**.
A man was **crawling** away from the burning wreckage.
She **crawled** under the fence.
282
# verb
To move slowly, quietly, and carefully, because you do not want to be seen or heard.
**creep**
| /kriːp/
**creep - crept - crept**
## Footnote
I **crept** up the stairs, trying not to wake my parents.
283
# noun
The quality that somebody/something has that makes people believe or trust them.
**credibility**
| /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/
## Footnote
The prosecution did its best to undermine the **credibility** of the witness.
283
# adjective
That can be believed or trusted.
**credible**
| /ˈkredəbl/
## Footnote
A **credible** explanation/witness.
283
# noun
A person who has made or invented a particular thing.
**creator**
| /kriˈeɪtə/
## Footnote
Walt Disney, the **creator** of Mickey Mouse.
284
# noun
(of oil and other natural substances) in its natural state, before it has been processed or refined.
**crude**
| /kruːd/
## Footnote
**Crude** oil/metal.
284
# noun
An object in the shape of a circle, usually made of gold and precious stones, that a king or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions.
**crown**
| /kraʊn/
## Footnote
The **crown** was placed upon the new monarch’s head.
285
# noun
A piece of written criticism of a set of ideas, a work of art, etc.
**critique**
| /krɪˈtiːk/
## Footnote
She wrote a feminist **critique** of Freud’s theories.
286
# verb
To press something so hard that it is damaged or injured, or loses its shape.
**crush**
| /krʌʃ/
## Footnote
The car was completely **crushed** under the truck.
286
# noun
a small piece of a substance with many even sides, that is formed naturally when the substance becomes solid
**crystal**
| /ˈkrɪstl/
## Footnote
A **crystal** of salt.
ice/salt **crystals**
287
# noun
A way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular.
**cult**
| /kʌlt/
## Footnote
The **cult** of physical fitness.
288
# adjective . [only before noun]
very popular with a particular group of people
cult
| /kʌlt/
## Footnote
a **cult** movie/book
The singer has become a **cult** figure in America.
The cartoon has achieved **cult** status.
The TV series has a **cult** following among young people.
288
# verb
To prepare and use land for growing plants or crops.
**cultivate**
| /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/
## Footnote
The land around here has never been **cultivated**.
289
# noun
A strong desire to know about something.
**curiosity**
| /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/
## Footnote
Children show **curiosity** about everything.
*Idioms*
**curiosity killed the cat**
(saying) used to tell somebody not to ask questions or try to find out about things that do not involve them
290
# noun
The legal right or duty to take care of or keep somebody/something; the act of taking care of something/somebody.
**custody**
| /ˈkʌstədi/
## Footnote
Who will have **custody** of the children?
291
# noun
An article or a story that you cut from a newspaper or magazine and keep.
**cutting**
| /ˈkʌtɪŋ/
## Footnote
Newspaper/press **cuttings**
291
# noun
A barrier that is built across a river in order to stop the water from flowing, used especially to make a reservoir or to produce electricity.
**dam**
| /dæm/
## Footnote
"The **dam** burst and the valley was flooded.".
291
# adjective
Believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons
**cynical**
| /ˈsɪnɪkl/
## Footnote
"Do you have to be so **cynical** about everything?"
292
# noun
Causing damage; having a bad effect on somebody/something
**damaging**
| /ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ/
## Footnote
"Smoking is **damaging** to health."
292
# noun
The time of day when light first appears
**dawn**
| /dɔːn/
## Footnote
"They start work at **dawn**."
293
# noun
Rubbish or pieces of material that are left somewhere and are not wanted
**debris**
| /ˈdeɪbriː/
## Footnote
"Clear away leaves and other garden **debris** from the pond."
294
# noun
The first public appearance of a performer or sports player
**debut**
| /ˈdebjuː/
## Footnote
"He will make his **debut** for the first team this week."
295
# noun
The process of deciding about something important, especially in a group of people or in an organization
**decision-making**
| /dɪˈsɪʒn meɪkɪŋ/
## Footnote
"All the staff should be involved in the **decision-making** process."
295
# adjective
Very important for the final result of a particular situation
**decisive**
| /dɪˈsaɪsɪv/
## Footnote
"Climate was a **decisive** factor in establishing where the tournament should be held."
296
# noun . (approving)
the hard work and effort that somebody puts into an activity or a purpose because they think it is important
| SYNONYM commitment
**dedication**
| /ˌdedɪˈkeɪʃn/
## Footnote
hard work and **dedication**
**dedication** to somebody/something: I really admire Gina for her **dedication** to her family.
297
# noun
An official or formal statement, especially about the plans of a government or an organization
**declaration**
| /ˌdekləˈreɪʃn/
## Footnote
"The **declaration** of war."
297
# adjective
Working hard at something because it is very important to you
**dedicated**
| /ˈdedɪkeɪtɪd/
## Footnote
"She is **dedicated** to her job."
298
# noun . (formal, literary)
a thing that somebody does that is usually very good or very bad
## Footnote
SYNONYM **act**
**deed**
| /diːd/
## Footnote
It's a stirring tale of heroic **deeds**.
a brave/charitable **deed**
She tried to do a good **deed** every day.
They will be punished for their evil **deeds**.
298
# verb
To have a particular opinion about somebody/something.
**deem**
| /diːm/
## Footnote
The evening was **deemed** a great success.
299
# noun
The state of not having, or not having enough of, something that is essential.
**default**
| US Phonetics: /dɪˈfɔːlt/, /ˈdiːfɔːlt/
## Footnote
The **default** option is to save your work every five minutes. /
What is your **default** browser?
All his life, anger has been my brother **default** emotion.
299
# noun
A fault in something or in the way it has been made that means that it is not perfect.
**defect**
| /ˈdiːfekt/
## Footnote
A **defect** in the glass.
300
# adjective
Protecting somebody/something against attack.
**defensive**
| /dɪˈfensɪv/
## Footnote
As a **defensive** measure he built a series of coastal forts and watchtowers.
301
# noun
The state of not having, or not having enough of, something that is essential.
**deficiency**
| /dɪˈfɪʃnsi/ (plural **deficiencies**)
## Footnote
Vitamin **deficiency** in the diet can cause illness.
302
# noun . (economics)
The amount by which money spent or owed is greater than money earned in a particular period of time.
**deficit**
| /ˈdefɪsɪt/
## Footnote
A budget/trade **deficit**
303
# noun
1. A person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for them.
2. a person who attends a conference
**delegate**
| /ˈdelɪɡət/
## Footnote
1. Congress **delegates** rejected the proposals.
2. The conference was attended by **delegates** from 56 countries.
303
# verb
To refuse to obey or show respect for somebody in authority, a law, a rule, etc.
**defy**
| /dɪˈfaɪ/
## Footnote
I wouldn’t have dared to **defy** my teachers.
304
# noun
A group of people who represent the views of an organization, a country, etc.
**delegation**
| /ˌdelɪˈɡeɪʃn/
## Footnote
The Dutch **delegation** to the United Nations.
305
# adjective
Very fine in texture or structure;
of intricate workmanship or quality.
**delicate**
| /ˈdelɪkət/
## Footnote
**delicate** china teacups . /
The eye is one of the most **delicate** organs of the body.
306
# noun
An evil spirit or devil, especially one thought to possess a person or act as a tormentor in hell.
Example:
**demon**
| /ˈdiːmən/
## Footnote
He was possessed by an evil **demon**.
307
# noun
a statement that something is not true or does not exist; the action of denying something.
**denial**
| /dɪˈnaɪəl/
## Footnote
The terrorists issued a **denial** of responsibility for the attack.
308
# verb
1. to strongly criticize somebody/something that you think is wrong, illegal, etc.
## Footnote
(2nd meaning): to tell the police, the authorities, etc. about somebody’s illegal political activities
**denounce**
| /dɪˈnaʊns/
## Footnote
1. She publicly **denounced** the government’s handling of the crisis.
2. They were **denounced** ***as*** spies.
308
# adjective
containing a lot of people, things, plants, etc. with little space between them.
**dense**
| /dens/
**dense** - (comparative **denser**, superlative **densest**)
## Footnote
The forest is quite **dense** at that point.
309
# noun
the quality of being dense; the degree to which something is dense.
**density**
| /ˈdensəti/
(also **denseness**)
## Footnote
The population **density** in this city is very high.
309
# verb . (formal)
1. [often passive] to say officially that somebody/something has a particular character or name; to describe somebody/something in a particular way
2. to choose or name somebody for a particular job or position
3. [often passive] to show something using a particular mark or sign
**designate**
| /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/
## Footnote
1. This area has been **designated** (as) a National Park.
2. Who has she **designated** (as) her deputy?
3. be ***designated*** (by something): The different types are **designated** by the letters A, B and C.
310
# noun [U]
the state of needing the help and support of somebody/something in order to survive or be successful.
**dependence**
| /dɪˈpendəns/
OPPOSITE **independence**
## Footnote
His **dependence** on his parents was unhealthy. /
Our relationship was based on mutual **dependence**.
310
# verb
to show an image of somebody/something in a picture or to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picture.
**depict**
| /dɪˈpɪkt/
## Footnote
The novel **depicts** French society in the 1930s
311
# verb
to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action or to use something or someone, especially in an effective way.
**deploy**
| /dɪˈplɔɪ/
## Footnote
2,000 troops were **deployed** in the area
311
# noun
the act of moving soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action or the act of using something effectively.
**deployment**
| /dɪˈplɔɪmənt/
## Footnote
the **deployment** of peacekeeping forces /
troop **deployments**/
the **deployment** of resources/staff
311
# adjective
1. (formal) that you would like to have or do; worth having or doing
2. (of a person) causing other people to feel sexual desire
**desirable**
| /dɪˈzaɪərəbl/
OPPOSITE **undesirable**
## Footnote
1. She chatted for a few minutes about the qualities she considered **desirable** in a secretary.
2. She suddenly saw herself as a **desirable** young woman.
311
# noun
1. a sum of money that is given as the first part of a larger payment;
2. a layer of a substance that has been left somewhere, especially by a river, flood, etc., or is found at the bottom of a liquid.
**deposit**
| /dɪˈpɑːzɪt/
SYNONYM **down payment**
## Footnote
They normally ask you to pay $100 (as a) **deposit.**
311
# adjective
1. causing destruction or damage
2. negative or not helpful
**destructive**
| /dɪˈstrʌktɪv/
## Footnote
1. The war demonstrated the **destructive** power of modern weapons.
the **destructive** effects of anxiety
2. **destructive** behaviour/impulses/tendencies/
**destructive** emotions that fuel anger and self-pity/
They don't think about how damaging and **destructive** their words are.
311
# verb
to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone.
**deprive** (of)
| /dɪˈpraɪv/
## Footnote
He claimed that he had been **deprived** of his freedom/rights /
Why should you **deprive** *yourself* **of** such simple pleasures?
312
# noun
a person who is the next most important person below a business manager, a head of a school, a political leader, etc. and who does that person’s job when they are away
**deputy**
| /ˈdepjuti/
## Footnote
I'm acting as **deputy** till the manager returns./
She was appointed **deputy** head of the school.
313
# verb
to come or go down from a higher to a lower level.
**descend**
| /dɪˈsend/
OPPOSITE **ascend**
## Footnote
1. The plane began to **descend**
2. The results, ranked in ***descending order*** (= from the highest to the lowest) are as follows…
3. ***descend something*** She **descended** the stairs slowly.
314
# noun
an action of coming or going down.
descent
| /dɪˈsent/
## Footnote
The plane began its **descent** to Heathrow.
314
# /ˈdesktɑːp/
a screen on a computer that shows the icons of programs and files that can be used
desktop
| ˈdesktɑːp/
## Footnote
**desktop** icons
315
detain
316
# noun
the process of discovering or noticing something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear, etc.;
the fact of being discovered or noticed.
**detection**
| /dɪˈtekʃn/
## Footnote
Last year the **detection** rate for car theft was just 13 per cent.
317
# verb
the state of being kept in a place, especially a prison, and prevented from leaving.
**detention**
| /dɪˈtɛnʃn/
## Footnote
They were sentenced to 12 months’ **detention** in a young offender institution.
317
# verb
to become worse
**deteriorate**
| /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/
## Footnote
Her health **deteriorated** rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards.
318
to completely destroy a place or an area
**devastate**
| /ˈdevəsteɪt/
## Footnote
The bomb **devastated** much of the old part of the city
318
# noun
1. the most powerful evil being (in the Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions)
2. an evil spirit
3. (informal) a person who behaves badly, especially a child
4. (old-fashioned, informal) used to talk about somebody and to emphasize an opinion that you have of them
| SYNONYM Satan
**devil**
| /ˈdevl/
## Footnote
belief in the **Devil**
1. His strong left-wing views make him the **devil** incarnate to more extreme Conservatives.
2. He behaved like someone possessed by **devils**.
3. a naughty little **devil**
4. *I miss the old ***devil***, now that he's gone.
*She's off to Greece for a month—lucky ***devil***!
*James was a handsome ***devil*** and rich, too.
*They were handsome young ***devils*** in their uniforms, weren't they?
318
# verb
to invent something new or a new way of doing something
| SYNONYM **think up**
**devise**
SYNONYM **think up**
| /dɪˈvaɪz/
## Footnote
A new system has been **devised** to control traffic in the city.
319
diagnose
320
dictate
321
dictator
322
differentiate
323
dignity
324
dilemma
325
dimension
326
diminish
327
diplomat
327
diagnosis
327
dip
328
diplomatic
328
directory
328
disastrous
329
330
331
332
332
