C1 - advanced Flashcards
C1 indicates advanced level of ability based on ‘Common European Framework of Reference’ (CEFR) for languages, which is a description of the language abilities of students at different levels of learning.
v
To officially end a law, a system or an institution.
abolish
/əˈbɑːlɪʃ/
This tax should be abolished.
n
The deliberate ending of a pregnancy at an early stage.
abortion
/əˈbɔːrʃn/
She decided to have an abortion.
n
The fact of somebody being away from a place where they are usually expected to be.
absence
/ˈæbsəns/
The decision was made in my absence.
adj
Not in a place because of illness, etc.
absent
/ˈæbsənt/
He was absent from work for two weeks.
N
(noun): The use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful
abuse
/əˈbjuːs/
(as a noun): “The system of paying cash bonuses is open to abuse.”
adj
Extremely silly; not logical and sensible.
absurd
/əbˈsɝːd/
That uniform makes the guards look absurd.
V
To treat a person or an animal in a cruel or violent way, especially sexually.
abuse
/əˈbjuːs/
“The boy had been sexually abused.”
n
A large quantity that is more than enough.
abundance
/əˈbʌndəns/
“The brochure promised beautiful walks with an abundance of wildlife.”
n
A school or college for special training.
academy
/əˈkæd.ə.mi/
“She trained at the Royal Academy of Music.”
v
To happen faster or earlier; to make something happen faster or earlier.
accelerate
/ekˈsel.ɚ.eɪt/
“Inflation continues to accelerate.”
n
The act of accepting a gift, an invitation, an offer, etc.
acceptance
/əkˈseptəns/
“Please confirm your acceptance of this offer in writing.”
noun
According to a rule or the way that somebody says that something should be done.
accordance
/əˈkɔːrdns/
We acted in accordance with my parents’ wishes.
adj
That can be reached, entered, used, seen, etc.
accessible
/əkˈsesəbl/6
“The remote desert area is accessible only by helicopter.”
n
An impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work.
accomplishment
/əˈkɑmplɪʃmənt/
“It was one of the President’s greatest accomplishments.”
adv
In a way that is suitable or right for the situation
accordingly
/əˈkɔːrdɪŋli/
“We have to discover his plans and act accordingly.”
n
The fact of being responsible for your decisions or actions and expected to explain them when you are asked.
accountability
/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/
“The accountability of a company’s directors to the shareholders.”
adjective
Expected to explain your actions or decisions to someone.
accountable
/əˈkaʊntəbl/
“Politicians are ultimately accountable to the voters.”
verb
To gradually get more and more of something over a period of time.
accumulate
/əˈkjuːmjəleɪt/
“I seem to have accumulated a lot of books.”
noub
The process of gradually increasing or getting more and more of something over a period of time.
accumulation
/əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/
The accumulation of wealth.
adjective
- That contains acid or has the essential characteristics of an acid; that has a pH of less than seven
- That has a bitter sharp taste
- (Of a person’s remarks) critical and unkind.
acid
/ˈæsɪd/
1) Rye is tolerant of poor, acid soils. /
2) Acid fruit. It’s a very juicy fruit with a slightly acid flavour. /
3) 3) An acid wit
noun
A statement saying that you think a person is guilty of doing something wrong or illegal; the fact of accusing somebody.
accusation
/ˌækjuˈzeɪʃn/
I don’t want to make an accusation until I have some proof.
Verb
To say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something.
accused
/əˈkjuːz/
She accused him of lying.
noub
The act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.
acquisition
/ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn/
Theories of child language acquisition.
noun
(in Britain and North America) a unit for measuring an area of land;
4840 square yards or about 4 050 square metres
acre
/ˈeɪkər/
3 000 acres of parkland /
a three-acre wood /
(informal) Each house has acres of space around it (= a lot of space).
noun
The act of making something such as a device or chemical process start working.
activation
/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn/
The activation of several target genes results in two major effects.
noun
A person who works to achieve political or social change, especially as a member of an organization with particular aims.
activist
/ˈæktɪvɪst/
Thousands of environmental activists joined the march to demand action on climate change.
adjective
Very serious or severe.
acute
/əˈkjuːt/
There is an acute shortage of water.
noun
The action or process of changing something, or of being changed, to suit a new purpose or situation.
adaptation
/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/
The adaptation of buildings for military purposes
verb
To stick to something.
adhere
/ədˈhɪə/
Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria adhere to the surface of the red cells. /
Clean the surface first, or the paint will not adhere. /
There was oil adhering to the bird’s feathers.
adjective
Next to or near something.
adjacent
/əˈdʒeɪsnt/
The planes landed on adjacent runways. /
Our farmland was adjacent to the river.
noun
A small change made to something in order to correct or improve it.
adjustment
/əˈdʒʌstmənt/
“I’ve made a few adjustments to the design. /
Some adjustment of the lens may be necessary.”
verb
To manage and organize the affairs of a company, an organization, a country, etc.
administer
/ədˈmɪnɪstə /
“The pension funds are administered by commercial banks.”
adjective
Connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution.
administrative
/ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/
an administrative job/assistant/error.
noun
A person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution, or a person who works in an office dealing with records, accounts, etc.
administrator
/ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə/
“Such organizational decisions are made by the hospital administrators.”
noun
The act of accepting somebody into an institution, organization, etc.; the right to enter a place or to join an institution or organization.
admission
/ədˈmɪʃn/
the university admissions policy/office /
Hospital admission is not necessary in most cases.
noun
A young person who is developing from a child into an adult.
adolescent
/ˌædəˈlesnt/
“Adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 and the problems they face.”
noun
The act of adopting a child; the fact of being adopted.
adoption
/əˈdɒpʃn/
“She put the baby up for adoption.”
adjective
Negative and unpleasant; not likely to produce a good result.
adverse
/ədˈvɜːs/
This drug is known to have adverse side effects. /
adverse change/circumstances/weather conditions
noun
(noun): A person who supports or speaks in favor of somebody or of a public plan or action.
advocate
/ˈædvəkeɪt/
(noun): “An advocate for hospital workers.”
verb
to support something publicly
advocate
/ˈædvəkeɪt/
These policies have been widely advocated.
adjective
Connected with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things.
aesthetic
/esˈθetɪk/
“The new building has little aesthetic value / appeal.”
noun
The feeling of liking or loving somebody/something very much and caring about them.
affection
/əˈfekʃn/
“Children need lots of love and affection /
He didn’t show his wife any affection. /
She was held in deep affection by all her students.”
noun
The situation that exists as a result of an important (and usually unpleasant) event, especially a war, an accident, etc.
aftermath
/ˈæftərmæθ/
“A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.”
noun
Feelings of anger and hate that may result in threatening or violent behaviour.
aggression
/əˈɡreʃn/
“The research shows that computer games may cause aggression.”
adjective
Connected with the science or practice of farming.
agricultural
/ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/
“agricultural policy/land/production/development.”
Verb
To warn somebody about a dangerous situation or one that requires immediate action.
alert
/əˈlɜːrt/
“The public has been alerted to the dangers of eating raw shellfish.”
noun
A state of being watchful for possible danger
alert
/əˈlɜːrt/
“The police are on the alert for any suspicious activity.”
noun
A person who helps another person, especially a politician, in their job.
aide
/eɪd/
“He was a top aide to the president.”
adverb
In a very similar way.
alike
/əˈlaɪk/
“The twins dress alike.”
conjunction
although; even though
albeit
/ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt/
He finally agreed, albeit reluctantly, to help us.
adjective
Able to think quickly; quick to notice things.
alert
/əˈlɜːrt/
“She’s a very alert driver.”
adjective
strange and frightening; different from what you are used to
alien
/ˈeɪliən/
an alien environment /
In a world that had suddenly become alien and dangerous, he was her only security.
verb
to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
align
/əˈlaɪn/
Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard. /
The top and bottom line of each column on the page should align.
noun
Arrangement in a straight line or in correct relative positions.
alignment
/əˈlaɪnmənt/
“The wheels of the car are out of alignment.”
adjective
Similar to each other.
alike
/əˈlaɪk/
“The two houses are much alike.”
noun
A public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing somebody of doing something that is wrong or illegal.
allegation
/ˌælɪˈɡeɪʃn/
“He denied the allegations of corruption.”
verb
To state something as a fact but without giving proof.
allege
/əˈledʒ/
“The newspaper alleged the mayor’s corrupt practices.”
adverb
Used when something illegal or wrong is said to have been done, but has not been proved.
allegedly
/əˈledʒɪdli/
“He was allegedly involved in the robbery.”
adjective
Doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job.
amateur
/ˈæmətʃə /
“An amateur photographer.”
noun
An agreement between countries, political parties, etc. to work together in order to achieve something that they all want.
alliance
/əˈlaɪəns/
“The two parties formed an alliance.”
verb
To give something officially to somebody/something for a particular purpose.
allocate
/ˈæləkeɪt/
“A large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.”
noun
An amount of money, space, etc. that is given to somebody for a particular purpose.
allocation
/ˌæləˈkeɪʃn/
“We have spent our entire allocation for the year.”
noun
A country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in case of a war.
ally
/ˈælaɪ/
“Portugal is a traditional ally of England.”
noun
An amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for a particular purpose.
allowance
/əˈlaʊəns/
“Do you get an allowance for clothing?”
noun
A light, silver-grey metal used for making pans, etc.
aluminum
/əˈluːmɪnəm/
“Aluminium saucepans/window frames aluminium foil.”
noun
- a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for pleasure, not as a job /
- (usually disapproving) a person who does not have enough skill to be able to do something well
amateur
/ˈæmətʃə /
- The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals. /
- This work was done by a bunch of amateurs!
noun
An official who lives in a foreign country as the senior representative there of their own country.
ambassador
/æmˈbæsədə/
“The British Ambassador to Italy/in Rome.”
verb
To change a law, document, statement, etc. slightly in order to correct a mistake or to improve it.
amend
/əˈmend/
“He asked to see the amended version.”6
noun
A small change or improvement that is made to a document or proposed new law.
amendment
/əˈmendmənt/
“Parliament passed the bill without further amendment.”
prep
In the middle of or during something, especially something that causes excitement or fear.
amid
/əˈmɪd/
“He finished his speech amid tremendous applause.”
noun
A comparison of one thing with another thing that has similar features.
analogy
/əˈnælədʒi/
“The teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.”
noun
A spirit who is believed to be a servant of God, and is sent by God to deliver a message or perform a task.
angel
/ˈeɪndʒl/
A host of angels /
Angels are often shown dressed in white, with wings.
adjective
(of a person) with a name that is not known or that is not made public2. Pronunciation
anonymous
/əˈnɒnɪməs/
Example: The money was donated by a local businessman who wishes to remain anonymous
noun
A heavy metal object that is attached to a rope or chain and dropped over the side of a ship or boat to keep it in one place.
anchor
/ˈæŋkə /
“We raised the anchor and set sail.”
noun
The tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task:
apparatus
/ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/
Firefighters needed breathing apparatus to enter the burning house
adj
Attractive or interesting
appealing
/əˈpiːlɪŋ/
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing
noun
Physical desire for food
appetite
/ˈæpɪtaɪt/
He suffered from headaches and loss of appetite
verb
To show your approval of somebody/something by clapping your hands.
applaud
/əˈplɔːd/
He started to applaud and the others joined in.
adjective
That can be said to be true in the case of somebody/something.
applicable
/ˈæplɪkəbl/
Much of the form was not applicable to me
verb
To choose somebody for a job or position of responsibility
appoint
/əˈpɔɪnt/
They have appointed a new head teacher at my son’s school.
adjective
Not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair
arbitrary
/ˈɑːbɪtri/
The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.
noun
Pleasure that you have when you recognize and enjoy the good qualities of somebody/something.
appreciation
/əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/
She shows little appreciation of good music.
adjective
Relating to architecture and buildings.
architectural
/ˌɑːkɪˈtektʃərəl/
architectural features
noun
The grey or black powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood or coal, has burnt
archive
/ˈɑːkaɪv/
The BBC’s archives are bulging with material.
noun
A place with a flat open area in the middle and seats around it where people can watch sports and entertainment.
arena
/əˈriːnə/
A concert at Wembley Arena
adverb
used (often before a comparative or superlative adjective) when you are stating an opinion that you believe you could give reasons to support
arguably
/ˈɑːrɡjuəbli/
He is arguably the best actor of his generation.
noun
A violent attack on somebody, usually with physical force but can also mean a determined or forceful attempt to have an impact on somebody or something.
assault
/əˈsɔːlt/
“Both men were charged with assault.”
verb
To provide yourself or somebody else with weapons in order to fight a battle or war.
arm
/ɑːm/
The country was arming against the enemy.
verb
To express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words.
articulate
/ɑːˈtɪkjuleɪt/
“She struggled to articulate her thoughts.”
noun
A group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive.
array
/əˈreɪ/
A vast array of bottles of different shapes and sizes.
noun
The grey or black powder that is left after something, especially tobacco, wood or coal, has burnt.
ash
/æʃ/
Cigarette ash
noun
A strong desire to achieve something.
aspiration
/ˌæspəˈreɪʃn/
“I didn’t realize you had political aspirations.”
verb
To have a strong desire to achieve or to become something.
aspire
/əˈspaɪər/
“She aspired to a scientific career.”
noun
A group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or country.
assembly
/əˈsembli/
“Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.”
verb
to attack somebody violently, especially when this is a crime
assault
/əˈsɔːlt/
Four women have been sexually assaulted in the area recently.
noun
The act of murdering somebody, especially a famous person or political leader.
assassination
/əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃn/
“The president survived a number of assassination attempts.”
verb
To come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group.
assemble
/əˈsembl/
“All the students were asked to assemble in the main hall.”
verb
To say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing.
attribute
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/
“She attributes her success to hard work and a little luck.”
verb
To state clearly and definitely that something is true.
assert
/əˈsɜːt/
“She continued to assert that she was innocent.”
noun
A statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true.
assertion
/əˈsɜːʃn/
“He was correct in his assertion that the minister had been lying.”
noun
A statement that something will certainly be true or will certainly happen, particularly when there has been doubt about it.
assurance
/əˈʃʊərəns/
“They called for assurances that the government is committed to its education policy.”
noun
Protection that a government gives to people who have left their own country, usually because they were in danger for political reasons.
asylum
/əˈsaɪləm/
There was a nationwide debate on whether the asylum laws should be changed.”
verb
To succeed in getting something, usually after a lot of effort.
attain
/əˈteɪn/
“He has attained the highest grade in his music exams.”
noun
An extremely cruel, violent, or shocking act.
atrocity
/əˈtrɑːsəti/
“The world was horrified by the atrocities committed against civilians.”
noun
The act of being present at a place, for example at school
attendance
/əˈtendəns/
“Attendance at these lectures is not compulsory.”
noun
a lawyer, especially one who can act for somebody in court
attorney
/əˈtɜːrni/
The prosecuting attorney began with a short opening statement.
noun
A quality or characteristic that someone or something has.
attribute
/əˈtrɪbjuːt/
“One of the key attributes of a good manager is flexibility.”
noun
An official examination of business accounts.
audit
/ˈɔːdɪt/
“The company’s accounts are subject to an annual audit.”
adjective
Known to be real and not fake.
authentic
/ɔːˈθentɪk/
“The signature on the painting is authentic.”
verb
To give official permission for something to happen.
authorize
/ˈɔːθəraɪz/
“The city council has authorized the construction of a new library.”
noun
The right of a group of people to govern itself, or to organize its own activities.
autonomy
/ɔːˈtɑːnəmi/
“The university has the autonomy to govern its own affairs.”
noun
A car.
auto
/ˈɔːtoʊ/
“He drives a red auto.”
noun
The state of being able to be used or obtained.
availability
/əˌveɪləˈbɪləti/
“The availability of affordable housing is limited in the city.”
verb
To wait for something or someone.
await
/əˈweɪt/
“She is anxiously awaiting her test results.”
noun
Everything that can be seen around an event or scene.
backdrop
/ˈbækdrɑp/
“The mountains provided a dramatic backdrop for our picnic.”
noun
Extra help or support that you can get if necessary
backup
/ˈbækʌp/
The police had backup from the army.
noun
Help and support from somebody to do something; financial support for something.
backing
/ˈbækɪŋ/
The police gave the proposals their full backing.
noun
Money that somebody agrees to pay if a person accused of a crime does not appear at their trial.
bail
/beɪl/
Can anyone put up bail for you?
noun
The system of voting in writing and usually in secret; an occasion on which a vote is held.
ballot
/ˈbælət/
The chairperson is chosen by secret ballot.
noun
A long piece of cloth with a message on it that is carried between two poles or hung in a public place to show support for something.
banner
/ˈbænər/
A huge banner over the street said ‘Welcome home’.
adjective
Not covered by any clothes.
bare
/beər/
She likes to walk around in bare feet.
noun
A large round container, usually made of wood or metal, with flat ends and, usually, curved sides.
barrel
/ˈbærəl/
They filled the barrels with cider.
noun
The lowest tone or part in music, for instruments or voices.
bass
/beɪs/
He always plays his stereo with the bass turned right up.
verb
to hit something small that is flying through the air
bat
He batted the wasp away.
noun
A place where a battle is being fought or has been fought.
battlefield
/ˈbætlfiːld/
Heavy casualties on the battlefield. He was wounded on the battlefield
noun
A part of the sea, or of a large lake, partly surrounded by a wide curve of the land.
bay
/beɪ/
The Bay of Bengal.
Hudson Bay.
A magnificent view across the bay.
noun
A line of light, electromagnetic waves or particles.
beam
/biːm/
Narrow beams of light/sunlight.
The beam of a torch/flashlight.
A laser/electron beam.
noun
An animal, especially one that is large or dangerous, or one that is unusual.
beast
/biːst/
Wild/savage/ferocious beasts.
Mythical beasts such as unicorns and dragons.
noun
In or to a lower position than somebody/something; under somebody/something.
behalf
/bɪˈhɑːf/
They collected money in behalf of the homeless.
adjective
Loved very much.
beloved
/bɪˈlʌvɪd/
In memory of our dearly beloved son, John. /
They were glad to be back in their beloved Ireland.
noun
A long seat for two or more people, usually made of wood.
bench
/bentʃ/
A park bench.
noun
Something that can be measured and used as a standard that other things can be compared with.
benchmark
/ˈbentʃmɑːk/
Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the child’s progress at school can be measured.
preposition
In or to a lower position than somebody/something; under somebody/something.
beneath
/bɪˈniːθ/
They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. / The boat sank beneath the waves.
noun
A person who gains as a result of something.
beneficiary
/ˌbenɪˈfɪʃəri/
Example: Who will be the main beneficiary of the cuts in income tax?
verb
To give information about somebody/something to an enemy.
betray
/bɪˈtreɪ/
He was offered money to betray his colleagues.
verb
To tie somebody/something with rope, string, etc. so that they/it cannot move or are held together strongly.
bind
bind - bound - bound
/baɪnd/
She was bound to a chair.
noun
The story of a person’s life written by somebody else; this type of writing.
biography
/baɪˈɒɡrəfi/
Boswell’s biography of Johnson.
noun
A senior priest in charge of the work of the Church in a city or district.
bishop
/ˈbɪʃəp/
The Bishop of Oxford.
adjective
Very strange or unusual.
bizarre
/bɪˈzɑː/
A bizarre situation/incident/story.
noun
The flat part of a knife, tool or machine, which has a sharp edge or edges for cutting.
blade
/bleɪd/
The machine comes with a plastic guard over the blade to protect the operator.
noun
An explosion or a powerful movement of air caused by an explosion.
blast
/blɑːst/
A bomb blast.
verb
To lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury.
bleed
/bliːd/
My finger’s bleeding.
verb
To mix two or more substances together.
blend
/blend/
Blend the flour with the milk to make a smooth paste.
verb
To ask God to protect somebody/something.
bless
/bles/
They brought the children to Jesus and he blessed them.
noun
God’s help and protection, or a prayer asking for this. /
An approval of or permission for something. /
Something that is good or helpful
blessing
To pray for God’s blessing.
The government gave its blessing to the new plans. It’s a blessing that nobody was in the house at the time.
verb
To talk in a way that shows you are too proud of something that you have or can do.
boast
/baʊst/
I don’t want to boast, but I can actually speak six languages.
noun
An extra amount of money that is added to a payment, especially to somebody’s wages or salary as a reward. /
Another pleasant thing in addition to something you were expecting.
bonus
/ˈbəʊnəs/
A £100 Christmas bonus3. The sunny weather was an added bonus.
verb
If something …. or you …. it, it moves quickly away from a surface it has just hit or you make it do this. /
bounce
/baʊns/
The ball bounced twice before he could reach it.
noun
A real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places;
a dividing line.
boundary
/ˈbaʊndri/
After the war the national boundaries were redrawn.
verb
To move your head or the top half of your body forwards and downwards as a sign of respect or to say hello or goodbye. /
A weapon used for shooting arrows, consisting of a long curved piece of wood or metal with a tight string joining its ends.
bow
/bəʊ/
He bowed low to the assembled crowd. /
He was armed with a bow and arrow.
noun
A sudden increase in trade and economic activity; /
a period of wealth and success. /
A loud deep sound.
boom
/buːm/
Living standards improved rapidly during the post-war boom.
Outside, thunder boomed and crashed.
noun
A failure to do something that must be done by law.
breach
/briːtʃ/
They are in breach of Article 1199.
noun
An occasion when a vehicle or machine stops working.
breakdown
/ˈbreɪkdaʊn/
A breakdown on the motorway.
noun
An important development that may lead to an agreement or achievement.
breakthrough
/ˈbreɪkθruː/
To make/achieve a breakthrough
noun
A particular type of animal that has been developed by people in a certain way, especially a type of dog, cat, or farm animal.
breed
/briːd/
Labradors and other large breeds of dog
verb
To keep animals or plants in order to produce young ones for a particular purpose.
breed
breed - bred - bred
/briːd/
The rabbits are bred for their long coats.
noun
A way of connecting to the internet that allows you to receive information, including pictures, etc., very quickly and that is always active.
broadband
/ˈbrɔːdbænd/
Plans to provide rural areas with fast broadband
noun
A computer program that lets you look at or read documents on the World Wide Web
browser
/ˈbraʊzər/
What do you use as your default browser?
Adjective
Violent and cruel
brutal
/ˈbruːtl/
A brutal attack/murder/rape/killing
noun
A US, Australian or New Zealand dollar; a South African rand; an Indian rupee.
buck
/bʌk/
They cost ten bucks
noun
- a group of senior members of a government that is responsible for advising and deciding on government policy;
- a piece of furniture with doors, drawers and/or shelves, that is used for storing or showing things
cabinet
/ˈkæbɪnət/
- a cabinet meeting
- “kitchen cabinets” or “a medicine cabinet”.
noun
a separate section of a train for carrying passengers /
a road vehicle, usually with four wheels, that is pulled by one or more horses and was used in the past to carry people.
carriage
/ˈkærɪdʒ/
a railway carriage
verb
To work together with somebody else in order to achieve something.
cooperate
/kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/
The two groups agreed to cooperate with each other
adjective
Involving doing something together or working together with others towards a shared aim
cooperative
/kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/
This is a cooperative venture with the University of Copenhagen.
verb
To organize the different parts of an activity and the people involved in it so that it works well
coordinate
/koʊˈɔrdnˌeɪt/
They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team
noun
A chemical element; a soft red-brown metal used for making electric wires, pipes, and coins
copper
/ˈkɒpə /
A copper mine
noun (informal)
A police officer
cop
/kɒp/
Somebody call the cops.
children playing cops and robbers
a TV cop show
noun
the legal right to be the only producer or seller of a book, play, film, or record for a specific length of time
copyright
/ˈkɒpiraɪt/
Copyright expires seventy years after the death of the author
noun
A person who reports news from a particular country or on a particular subject for a newspaper or a television or radio station
correspondent
/ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/
She’s the BBC’s political correspondent.
noun
An object in the shape of a circle, usually made of gold and precious stones, that a king or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions.
crown
/kraʊn/
The crown was placed upon the new monarch’s head.
noun
a small piece of a substance with many even sides, that is formed naturally when the substance becomes solid
crystal
/ˈkrɪstl/
A crystal of salt.
ice/salt crystals
noun
A way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular.
cult
/kʌlt/
The cult of physical fitness.
noun
A strong desire to know about something.
curiosity
/ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/
Children show curiosity about everything.
Idioms
curiosity killed the cat
(saying) used to tell somebody not to ask questions or try to find out about things that do not involve them
noun
Causing damage; having a bad effect on somebody/something
damaging
/ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ/
“Smoking is damaging to health.”
noun
The time of day when light first appears
dawn
/dɔːn/
“They start work at dawn.”
noun . (formal, literary)
a thing that somebody does that is usually very good or very bad
SYNONYM act
deed
/diːd/
It’s a stirring tale of heroic deeds.
a brave/charitable deed
She tried to do a good deed every day.
They will be punished for their evil deeds.
noun
The state of not having, or not having enough of, something that is essential.
default
US Phonetics: /dɪˈfɔːlt/, /ˈdiːfɔːlt/
The default option is to save your work every five minutes. /
What is your default browser?
All his life, anger has been my brother default emotion.
noun
A fault in something or in the way it has been made that means that it is not perfect.
defect
/ˈdiːfekt/
A defect in the glass.
noun
The state of not having, or not having enough of, something that is essential.
deficiency
/dɪˈfɪʃnsi/ (plural deficiencies)
Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness.
verb
To refuse to obey or show respect for somebody in authority, a law, a rule, etc.
defy
/dɪˈfaɪ/
I wouldn’t have dared to defy my teachers.
noun
A group of people who represent the views of an organization, a country, etc.
delegation
/ˌdelɪˈɡeɪʃn/
The Dutch delegation to the United Nations.
adjective
Very fine in texture or structure;
of intricate workmanship or quality.
delicate
/ˈdelɪkət/
delicate china teacups . /
The eye is one of the most delicate organs of the body.
noun
An evil spirit or devil, especially one thought to possess a person or act as a tormentor in hell.
Example:
demon
/ˈdiːmən/
He was possessed by an evil demon.
noun
a statement that something is not true or does not exist; the action of denying something.
denial
/dɪˈnaɪəl/
The terrorists issued a denial of responsibility for the attack.
noun
the quality of being dense; the degree to which something is dense.
density
/ˈdensəti/
(also denseness)
The population density in this city is very high.
noun [U]
the state of needing the help and support of somebody/something in order to survive or be successful.
dependence
/dɪˈpendəns/
OPPOSITE independence
His dependence on his parents was unhealthy. /
Our relationship was based on mutual dependence.
verb
to show an image of somebody/something in a picture or to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picture.
depict
/dɪˈpɪkt/
The novel depicts French society in the 1930s
verb
to move soldiers or weapons into a position where they are ready for military action or to use something or someone, especially in an effective way.
deploy
/dɪˈplɔɪ/
2,000 troops were deployed in the area
noun
- a sum of money that is given as the first part of a larger payment;
- a layer of a substance that has been left somewhere, especially by a river, flood, etc., or is found at the bottom of a liquid.
deposit
/dɪˈpɑːzɪt/
SYNONYM down payment
They normally ask you to pay $100 (as a) deposit.
/ˈdesktɑːp/
a screen on a computer that shows the icons of programs and files that can be used
desktop
ˈdesktɑːp/
desktop icons
noun
- the most powerful evil being (in the Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions)
- an evil spirit
- (informal) a person who behaves badly, especially a child
- (old-fashioned, informal) used to talk about somebody and to emphasize an opinion that you have of them
SYNONYM Satan
devil
/ˈdevl/
belief in the Devil
1. His strong left-wing views make him the devil incarnate to more extreme Conservatives.
2. He behaved like someone possessed by devils.
3. a naughty little devil
4. I miss the old *devil, now that he’s gone.
She’s off to Greece for a month—lucky *devil!
James was a handsome *devil and rich, too.
They were handsome young *devils in their uniforms, weren’t they?
verb
to invent something new or a new way of doing something
SYNONYM think up
devise
SYNONYM think up
/dɪˈvaɪz/
A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city.
