C1 - Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table

Question 1

What is an element?

Answer 1

A substance containing only 1 type of atom. e.g Mg, O2, Cl2

Question 2

What is a compound?

Answer 2

A substance containing two or more different types of atoms CHEMICALLY BONDED. e.g. H20

Question 3

What is conservation of mass?

Answer 3

Atoms can neither be created or destroyed in a chemical equation - both sides must be balanced

Question 4

What is a mixture?

Answer 4

Combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined together. e.g. air, solutions

Question 5

What is FILTRATION?

Answer 5

Removing large, insoluble molecules from a liquid. e.g. sand from water

Question 6

What is CRYSTALLISATION (evaporation)?

Answer 6

Evaporating the solvent from a solution to leave a solute (dissolved substance) behind.
e.g. salt from water

Question 7

What is DISTILLATION?

Answer 7

Heating a solution to separate the solvent and solute, and then cooling the evaporated gas of the solvent and condensing it to collect the liquid.

Question 8

What is FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION?

Answer 8

Separating liquids into different fractions due to their different boiling points

Question 9

What is CHROMATOGRAPHY?

Answer 9

A technique used to separate different components within a mixture.

Question 10

What are the three states of matter?

Answer 10

Solid (S), Liquid (L), Gas (G)

Question 11

What does (Aq) mean?

Answer 11

Aqueous - dissolved in solution

Question 12

What is the process by which a solid becomes a liquid?

Answer 12

Melting

Question 13

What is the process by which a liquid becomes a gas?

Answer 13

Evaporation/boiling

Question 14

What is the process by which a solid goes straight to a gas? (Skips out liquid)

Answer 14

Sublimation

Question 15

What is the process by which a gas turns into a liquid?

Answer 15

Condensation

Question 16

What is the process by which a liquid turns into a solid?

Answer 16

Freezing/Solidification

Question 17

Characteristics of a solid

Answer 17

-particles in a regular/fixed arrangement (lattice) and vibrate about fixed positions
-cannot be compressed

Question 18

Characteristics of a liquid

Answer 18

-particles have no regular arrangement and are able to move past each other
-cannot be compressed

Question 19

Characteristics of a gas

Answer 19

-particles are far apart, move randomly at fast speeds (high energy)
-can be compressed

Question 20

What is overcome during evaporation and melting?

Answer 20

Electrostatic forces

Question 21

Order of discovery for the proton, neutron and electron

Answer 21

1st: Electron
2nd: Proton
3rd: Neutron

Question 22

Order of discovery for the proton, neutron and electron

Answer 22

1st: Electron
2nd: Proton
3rd: Neutron

Question 23

What did John Dalton do?

Answer 23

Popularised the theory that matter is made up of invisible particles (atoms)

Question 24

What did JJ Thompson discover?

Answer 24

Atoms are made up of positive and negative charges - Proton and electron

Question 25

Who made the plum pudding model and what is it?

Answer 25

JJ Thomson - A positive charge with lots of little negatively charged electrons dotted around it

Question 26

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

Answer 26

Positively charged Nucleus

Question 27

Who carried out the alpha particle scattering experiment and what was it?

Answer 27

Ernest Rutherford - He shot alpha particles at a golden ‘leaf’, most of which went through showing the atom was mostly empty space, but some deflected back, showing the nucleus was in the centre

Question 28

What did Niels Bohr discover?

Answer 28

That electrons orbit the nucleus in shells

Question 29

What did James Chadwick discover?

Answer 29

Neutron

Question 30

Relative charge of a proton

Answer 30

+1

Question 31

Relative mass of a proton

Answer 31

1

Question 32

Relative charge of a neutron

Answer 32

0

Question 33

Relative mass of a neutron

Answer 33

1

Question 34

Relative charge of an electron

Answer 34

-1

Question 35

Relative mass of an electron

Answer 35

0 (very small)

Question 36

What is the bottom number in the periodic table and what does it show?

Answer 36

Atomic number - number of protons ( and electrons- they are the same to cause a neutral charge)

Question 37

What is the top number in the periodic table and what does it tell us?

Answer 37

Mass number - the number of protons + neutrons

Question 38

What is an atom called if it does not have a neutral charge?

Answer 38

An Ion

Question 39

What is an isotope?

Answer 39

The same element, but with a different number of neutrons

Question 40

How to calculate average mass of two or more isotopes?

Answer 40

Total mass of 100 atoms Average mass = ————————- 100

Question 41

How were the elements arranged before the periodic table?

Answer 41

By atomic weight, however some were grouped together if they were seen to have similar properties.

Question 42

What did Dimitri Mendeleev do to the periodic table?

Answer 42

Ordered them in terms of chemical properties

Question 43

Dimitri Mendeleev found gaps in his table, how was he proven correct over time?

Answer 43

Elements were found, and they fitted into the gaps

Question 44

How many electrons are in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th shell

Answer 44

1st = 2 2nd = 8 3rd = 8 4th = 2

Question 45

Electron configuration for Magnesium (12 electrons)

Answer 45

2,8,2

Question 46

Do metals lost or gain electrons to form a full/empty outer shell? Do they form positive or negative ions?

Answer 46

Lose and positive ions

Question 47

Do non-metals gain or lose electrons to form a full outer shell? Do they form positive or negative ions?

Answer 47

Gain and negative ions

Question 48

What does the group number of the periodic table represent?

Answer 48

Number of electrons in outer shell of atom

Question 49

What are group 1 metals known as?

Answer 49

The Alkali Metals

Question 50

Do alkali metals get more or less reactive the further down the group you go?

Answer 50

More - easier to lose 1 electron as further away from nucleus so electrostatic force is weaker

Question 51

What are group 7 elements known as?

Answer 51

The halogens

Question 52

Do halogens get more or less reactive as you go down the group?

Answer 52

Less - further away from nucleus, so harder to attract one more electron

Question 53

Does boiling point increase or decrease as you go down group 7 (the halogens)

Answer 53

Decrease

Question 54

How reactive are the noble gases (group 0/8 elements)?

Answer 54

Very unreactive

Question 55

Properties of transition metals

Answer 55

-Hard -less reactive than the alkali metal - form coloured compounds -Good catalysts

Question 56

How do Potassium, Sodium and Lithium react with water

Answer 56

Violently

Question 57

When Potassium reacts with water what happens

Answer 57

Flame

Question 58

When lithium reacts with water what happens

Answer 58

Violent fizzing/bubbles

Question 59

What happens when Sodium reacts with water

Answer 59

Flame