C1, Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table Flashcards
(30 cards)
Define the term ‘element’
Substance containing only 1 type of atom
Define the term ‘compound’
Substance containing multiple types of atoms that are chemically bonded together
Define the term ‘mixture’
Multiple types of molecules (elements/compounds) mixed together to occupy the same space but are NOT chemically bonded
What is filtration? Give an example of what it can do, and describe the process
Filtration is a physical method of separating insoluble solids from liquids.
For example: Sand and water
The mixture is poured into a filter tunnel lined with filter paper, leaving the solid on the paper and the liquid in the beaker
What is evaporation and crystallisation? Give an example of what it can do, and describe the process
Evaporation and crystallisation separates a soluble solid (solute) from a solvent.
For example: Salt and water
The solution is heated in an evaporating basin, leaving the liquid to evaporate. The solute remains in the basin.
What is chromatography? Describe the process
Chromatography is a physical method of separating mixtures of soluble substances.
A beaker is filled with a small volume of water. Using a pencil, the baseline is drawn on the edge of a piece of chromatography paper. Ink spots are drawn on the line. It is hung in the beaker with a splint.
The water separates the ink - the different solutions mixed together to travel different distances. This is dependent on the solubility of the substances; the more soluble, the farther it travels.
What is the mobile and stationary phase of chromatography?
Mobile - Water
Stationary - Chromatography paper
What is a retention factor? Why are they used?
Give the formula for retention factor
Retention factor (Rf) is a standardised measure of how strongly a compound interacts with the stationary phase compared to the mobile phase.
It allows chromatograms to be compared across different laboratories.
Rf = Distance travelled by spot / Distance between baseline and solvent front
Define ‘miscible’
When 2 liquids can mix together
What is distillation? Give an example of what it can do, and describe the process
Distillation is a method of separating and retaining the substances in a mixture of miscible liquids., for example water and ink.
The mixture is heated in a round bottom flask until the temperature reaches the boiling point of one of the substances.
The liquid evaporates into gas, travelling up a fractioning column. This leaves the other substance in the round bottom flask. The mixture has been separated into 2 different parts.
The evaporated substance travels through the fractioning column and into the liebig condenser, where the gas is cooled and condensed into its liquid form. This happens as the temperature is lowered by cooling water.
After this condensation, the liquid drips through the collecting tube and into the collection flask
What is the charge of a proton, neutron and electron?
Proton: +1
Neutron: 0
Electron: -1
What is the relative mass of a proton, neutron and electron?
Proton: 1
Neutron: 1
Electron: Negligible (0)
What is the mass number/atomic mass of an element?
Number of subatomic particles in the nucleus (protons + neutrons)
What is the atomic number of an element?
Number of protons in the atom (which is equal to the number of electrons)
How many electrons can orbit the nucleus of an atom in the first, second and third shells?
Shell 1: 2 electrons
Shell 2: 8 electrons
Shell 3: 8 electrons
Fill in the gaps/choose:
Elements in Group 0 of the periodic table are known as ______________.
They are metals/non-metals and exist as _____________ atoms.
Atoms of this group have ____________ outer shells - this is a(n) ___________ electron configuration.
Noble gases, non-metals, single, completed, stable
List some properties of the noble gases
Colourless, odourless, extremely unreactive, completed outer shells
List the first 3 noble gases
Helium (H), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar)
Do these factors increase or decrease further down group 0 of the periodic table?
1) Boiling Point
2) Density
3) Atomic Mass
1) Increase
2) Increase
3) Increase
Fill in the gaps/choose:
Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are known as ______________.
Atoms of this group have ____________ in their outer shells - this is a(n) ___________ electron configuration.
Alkali metals, 1 electron, unstable
List some properties of the alkali metals
Soft, silvery, dull when oxidated, extremely reactive, low melting points, low densities
List 3 alkali metals
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium
Do these factors increase or decrease further down group 1 of the periodic table?
1) Melting Point
2) Reactivity
1) Decrease
2) Increase
Explain why the reactivity of elements increase further down group 1 of the periodic table
In the process of a chemical reaction, alkali metals lose the 1 electron from their outermost shell.
As you go further down the group, the distance between the outermost shell (including the electron orbiting on it) and the nucleus increase, weakening the electrostatic attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electron.
This means that as the forces of attraction to the electron are weaker, it is easier for the atom to lose it and form a chemical bond with another molecule.
