C1 coats and rivers Flashcards
1
Q
saltation
A
bounced along sea bed
2
Q
traction
A
rolled
3
Q
how do headlands and bays form
A
- when there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coat
- less resistant rock erodes faster forming bay with gentle slope
- resistant rocjk erodes slowly a juts out - healand with steep sides
4
Q
how do headlands and bays erode to form caves, arches and stacks - OLD HARRYS ROCKS
A
- waves crash into cracks in headland - HYDRAULIC ACTION and ABRASION
- repeats and enlargens the cracks - CAVE
- repeats and cave deepends until it breaks through headland - ARCH
- erosion til arch collapses - STACK
5
Q
wave-cut platforms
A
- waves hit cliffs and most power at the bottom - ccausing a notch (indent into cliff)
- waves repeat and this becomes unstable and so everything on top of the notch falls through - wave cut platform
6
Q
how are sand and single beaches formed
A
constructive waves:
- sand - low energy waves - flat and wide
- shingle - high energy waves - steep and narrow
7
Q
how are spits formed
A
- LSD takes sand past bend at headland and deposits it in the sea
- strong winds and waves make it bend - curve spit
- area behind - sheltered - salt marsh
8
Q
how are bars formed
A
- spit joins 2 headlands together
- the bay behind this gets cut off from the sea
- lagoon forms behind the bar
9
Q
how are sand dunes formed
A
- sand from LSD is moved up the beach by winds
- obstacles like driftwood get in the way – embryo dunes - marram grass grows
- ## mature dunes - more stable further back
10
Q
types of soft enginering coasts
A
- beach nourishment - sand from elsewhere added - wider and make waves go slower - v££ and kills animals
- dune regeneration - creating sand dunes - stabilises the beach and cheap -
11
Q
types of hard enginerring coasts
A
- sea wall
- gabions - wire cage of rock
- rock armour - boulders piled up
- groynes
12
Q
hows a waterfall formed
A
- soft rock erodes faster than hard rock HA and abrasion - STEP
- water flows over step - more soft rock erodes - steep drop - WATERFALL
- hard rock erodes and collapses - UNDERCUT
- rock swirled around at bottom - PLUNGE POOL
- over time more undercutting - STEP SIDED GORGE
13
Q
how are interlocking spurs formed
A
- upper course step sided v-shaped valley
- river is low energy - goes around the hard rock
14
Q
whats a hydrograph used for
A
how the discharge at a certain point on the river changes over time in relation to rainfall
15
Q
what is the river discharge
A
volume of water flowing per second