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geography > C1 coats and rivers > Flashcards

C1 coats and rivers Flashcards

1
Q

saltation

A

bounced along sea bed

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2
Q

traction

A

rolled

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3
Q

how do headlands and bays form

A
  • when there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coat
  • less resistant rock erodes faster forming bay with gentle slope
  • resistant rocjk erodes slowly a juts out - healand with steep sides
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4
Q

how do headlands and bays erode to form caves, arches and stacks - OLD HARRYS ROCKS

A
  • waves crash into cracks in headland - HYDRAULIC ACTION and ABRASION
  • repeats and enlargens the cracks - CAVE
  • repeats and cave deepends until it breaks through headland - ARCH
  • erosion til arch collapses - STACK
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5
Q

wave-cut platforms

A
  • waves hit cliffs and most power at the bottom - ccausing a notch (indent into cliff)
  • waves repeat and this becomes unstable and so everything on top of the notch falls through - wave cut platform
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6
Q

how are sand and single beaches formed

A

constructive waves:

  • sand - low energy waves - flat and wide
  • shingle - high energy waves - steep and narrow
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7
Q

how are spits formed

A
  • LSD takes sand past bend at headland and deposits it in the sea
  • strong winds and waves make it bend - curve spit
  • area behind - sheltered - salt marsh
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8
Q

how are bars formed

A
  • spit joins 2 headlands together
  • the bay behind this gets cut off from the sea
  • lagoon forms behind the bar
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9
Q

how are sand dunes formed

A
  • sand from LSD is moved up the beach by winds
  • obstacles like driftwood get in the way – embryo dunes - marram grass grows
  • ## mature dunes - more stable further back
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10
Q

types of soft enginering coasts

A
  1. beach nourishment - sand from elsewhere added - wider and make waves go slower - v££ and kills animals
  2. dune regeneration - creating sand dunes - stabilises the beach and cheap -
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11
Q

types of hard enginerring coasts

A
  • sea wall
  • gabions - wire cage of rock
  • rock armour - boulders piled up
  • groynes
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12
Q

hows a waterfall formed

A
  • soft rock erodes faster than hard rock HA and abrasion - STEP
  • water flows over step - more soft rock erodes - steep drop - WATERFALL
  • hard rock erodes and collapses - UNDERCUT
  • rock swirled around at bottom - PLUNGE POOL
  • over time more undercutting - STEP SIDED GORGE
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13
Q

how are interlocking spurs formed

A
  • upper course step sided v-shaped valley
  • river is low energy - goes around the hard rock
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14
Q

whats a hydrograph used for

A

how the discharge at a certain point on the river changes over time in relation to rainfall

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15
Q

what is the river discharge

A

volume of water flowing per second

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16
Q

types of hard enginering rivers

A
  • dams and resivouirs
  • channel straightening
  • embankments
  • flood relief channels - river guided to area of flood plain not near houses
17
Q

types of soft engineering rivers

A
  • food warnings and prep
  • flood plain zoning - stop ppl building on flood plains
  • plant trees
  • river restoration - remove any man made stuff from river like leeves
18
Q

how are meanders formed

A
  • current fast on the outside bend bc deeper - less friction to slow it down
  • more erosion on outside - river cliffs
  • slower on inside - shallower
  • eroded material deposited on the inside - slip off slopes
19
Q

how are ox bow lakes formed

A
  • outside bends get closer
  • river breaks through and water flows down the fastest route
  • deposition cuts off bend of meander - this is ox bow lake
20
Q

hows a flood plain formed

A
  • when river floods the water slows down and loses energy and deposits material that its transporting - flood plain
21
Q

how are levees formed

A
  • natural embankments along the edge of the river
  • when flooding happens material deposited onto the edges which build up - leeve
22
Q

what are estuaries

A
  • these are at rover mouths closest to sea
  • tidle water - rises and falls each day
  • over time mud builds up - mudflats

geography (13 decks)

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