C1 overview

Question 1

What are the 4 ethical principles?

Answer 1

Respect, Competence, Responsibility, Integrity

Question 2

What are features should an experiment acknowledge to make sure it’s ethical?

Answer 2

• Right to withdraw
• Protection of participants
• Informed consent
• Debrief
• Confidentiality
• Deception

Question 3

What is operationalisation?

Answer 3

What you are measuring and how you are measuring it

-e.g. number of correct answers scored in a test out of 10

Question 4

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 4

A hypothesis that predicts that there will be no significant findings
-e.g. there will be no significant difference in how happy someone will rate themselves on a happiness rating scale from 1-10 (1 being very unhappy, 10 being extremely happy) between people who spend above 5 hours on their phone a day and people who spend less than 5 hours on their phone a day.

Question 5

What is an alternate hypothesis?

Answer 5

A hypothesis that predicts that there will be significant findings
-e.g. there will be a significant difference in how happy someone will rate themselves on a happiness rating scale from 1-10 (1 being very unhappy, 10 being extremely happy) between people who spend above 5 hours on their phone a day and people who spend less than 5 hours on their phone a day.

Question 6

What is a one tailed hypothesis (non directional)?

Answer 6

An alternate hypothesis that states there will be significant findings but does not state in which direction
-e.g. there will be a significant difference between ____ and ____

Question 7

What is a two tailed hypothesis (two tailed)?

Answer 7

An alternate hypothesis that states that there will be significant findings and states the direction
-e.g. People who spend less than 5 hours on their phone will score significantly higher on a happiness rating scale from 1-10 (1 being very unhappy, 10 being extremely happy) than people who spend more than 5 hours a day on their phone.

Question 8

How should you write a correlation hypothesis?

Answer 8

“There will be a significant relationship between …”

Question 9

What are the 4 types of sampling?

Answer 9

Opportunity, self-selected, snowball, random

Question 10

What are the 3 types of experiment?

Answer 10

Laboratory, field, quasi

Question 11

What is internal reliability?

Answer 11

internal reliability assesses the consistency of results across items within a test

Question 12

What is external reliability?

Answer 12

External reliability refers to the extent to which a measure varies from one use to another

Question 13

What is internal validity?

Answer 13

Internal validity refers to factors such as extraneous variables/bias that could lead to the impression
that an effect exists when it doesn’t

Question 14

What are examples of external validity?

Answer 14

Population validity, ecological validity

Question 15

What are the 3 types of experimental design?

Answer 15

Independent measures, repeated measures, matched pairs

Question 16

What is meant by descriptive statistics?

Answer 16

methods of organising and summarising data in order to describe the findings and identify patterns
these can include measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion and graphs

Question 17

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

Answer 17

Mean, median, mode

Question 18

What do measures of dispersion do?

Answer 18

Measures of dispersion describes the spread in the scores from a data set. Identifies how much each
individual score varies around the measure of central tendency - are they clustered together or widely
spread??

Question 19

What are the 3 examples of measures or dispersion?

Answer 19

Range, variance, standard deviation

Question 20

Name the different types of graphs

Answer 20

Bar chart
Histogram
Pie chart
Line graph
Scatter graph

Question 21

What are the different types of observations?

Answer 21

structured observation, unstructured observation, naturalistic observation, participant observation, non participant observation, overt observation, covert observation

Question 22

Define time sampling

Answer 22

Time sampling involves observations at set lengths of time at set intervals. Typically if using time sampling on its own you would write down everything that is occurring at the point of observation during the specific schedule you are following e.g. every 5 mins for a set time period of 1 hour

Question 23

Define event sampling

Answer 23

Event sampling is when the observer(s) record specific occurrences of behaviour each and every time they occur continuously throughout the whole duration of the study. To use event sampling you need to decide on categories of behaviour (specific occurrences) that you
are going to observe. To categorise the behaviour of interest you will need to break the behaviour
down into units that can be measured.

Question 24

What are behavioural categories?

Answer 24

This is when the range of study is narrowed down into a smaller set of behaviours, usually used in structured observations

Question 25

What is a coding frame?

Answer 25

Each behaviour is shown as abbreviations or codes e.g. hitting might be shown as a ‘h’. This makes recording behaviour categories easier

Question 26

How can you ensure inter-ratar reliability?

Answer 26

inter ratar reliability is the extent to which different observers are able to observe and rate (or code) the same behaviour in the same way. In order to overcome the issue of bias and increase the reliability of the observation more than one observer can be used.

Question 27

What are the 2 main methods of self report?

Answer 27

Questionnaire and interviews

Question 28

What are the 5 main types of questions used in questionnaires?

Answer 28

Closed questions, open questions, rating scales, likert scales, semantic differential questions

Question 29

How can you ensure external reliability in a questionnaire?

Answer 29

Test-retest method – p’s can repeat questionnaire and if get similar scores, the questionnaire has external reliability

Question 30

What are the different types of interviews?

Answer 30

Structured interview, unstructured interview, semi structured interview

Question 31

What is the difference between a correlation and an experiment?

Answer 31

Correlations do not manipulate an IV so cannot | establish cause and effect whereas experiments do

Question 32

What are the types of correlation

Answer 32

Positive, Negative, Zero/no correlation

Question 33

Define a positive correlation

Answer 33

A positive correlation is where as the values of one variable increase, values of the second variable also increase ( / )

Question 34

Define a negative correlation

Answer 34

A negative correlation is where as the values of one variable increase, values of the second variable decrease ( \ )

Question 35

Define a zero/no correlation

Answer 35

This is when there is no correlation between two variable

Question 36

What type of graph should you use for correlations?

Answer 36

Scatter graphs

Question 37

What is a type 1 error?

Answer 37

When the alternate hypothesis is falsely accepted (the stat test rejects the null hypothesis when it should have been accepted).

Question 38

What is a type 2 error?

Answer 38

When the null hypothesis is falsely accepted (the stat test rejects the alternate hypothesis when it should have been accepted).

Question 39

What are the levels of data?

Answer 39

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Question 40

What is nominal data and give an example

Answer 40

Nominal Data is data which cannot be assigned a numerical value e.g. categories e.g.1 the number of participants being male or female e.g.2 the number of participants favourite colours: blue, green, purple, orange -

Question 41

What is ordinal level data and give an example

Answer 41

Ordinal data is data which is numerical and can be put into an order e. g.1 participants in a race coming 1st 2nd and 3rd e. g.2 likert/rating scale answers on standardised questionnaires - We can use measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion with ordinal data

Question 42

What is interval data and give an example

Answer 42

Interval data, unlike ordinal, allows us to tell the differences between the scores (with no fixed 0 point) Interval data has data points which are evenly spaced and the difference between data points is always the same e.g.1 temperature - ( 1˚C and 2˚C have the same distance between them as 60˚C and 61˚C) - temp can also go below 0

Question 43

What is ratio data and give an example

Answer 43

Ratio data is the same as interval data, but has an absolute 0 point, making it more precise. Proportional comparisons can be made. e. g.1 time as 0 seconds is the lowest amount of time e. g.2 miles

Question 44

In the stats grid, what are the tests used for nominal level data (first column)?

Answer 44

``` Chi squared (nominal data + independent measures) Sign test (nominal data + repeated measures) ```

Question 45

In the stats grid, what are the tests used for ordinal level data (second column)?

Answer 45

Mann Whitney-U (ordinal data + independent measures) Wilcoxon (ordinal data + repeated measures) Spearman Rho (ordinal data + correlation)

Question 46

In the stats grid, what are the tests used for interval/ratio level data (third column)?

Answer 46

Unrelated t-test (interval/ratio + independent measures) Related t-test (interval/ratio + repeated measures) Pearson's Product (interval/ratio + correlation)

Question 47

What are the three parametric tests?

Answer 47

Unrelated t-test, Related t-test, Pearson's Product

Question 48

What are the components of report writing and the order?

Answer 48

- Abstract - Introduction - Method - Results (descriptive and inferential) - Discussion - References - Appendix