C1: Ultrasound fundamentals Flashcards
(44 cards)
what are the 2 main types of tissues changes
focal
diffuse
describe focal changes
where do they occur?
give an example
- localized changes to a structure/organ
- circumscribes
- defined by a wall
- can be single or multiple
e.g. mass
describe diffuse changes
where do they occur?
- changes that affect the overall organ tissue
- always infiltrative (effects whole organ)
- usually subtle and hard to detect because you don’t have normal tissue to compare it with
describe some of the changes that can occur to an organ w/ diffuse changes
give an example
changes in:
- echotexture
- size, shape
- organ position
- can influence position of adjacent structures
e.g. fatty infiltration, cirrhosis
when youre describing the location of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-which organ and position of organ
when youre describing the location of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- reference raltional anatomy and use directional terminology
e. g. couinads for liver
when youre describing the size of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- change in size
- measurement
when youre describing the size of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-image in 2 planes and take 3 measurements
L/W/H
when youre describing the shape of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- round, oval, etc
- irregular or not
when youre describing the shape of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
-organ contour changes
when youre describing the contour of diffuse abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- capsule changes
- contour changes.. eg nodular
when youre describing the contour of focal abnormalities/changes, what should you include
- describe wall outline… smooth, irregular, lobular…. well defined, ill defined
- scan in multiple planes
are lobular masses usually malignant or benign
benign
are smooth masses usually malignant or benign
benign
are masses w/ irregular contour usually malignant or benign
malignant
how to lobular borders look compared to irregular borders
lobular: usually rounded and further apart
irregular: usually spikey/sharper and poorly defined
an encapsulated mass, has an association w/ benign or malignancy?
benign
when would a mass have to be located for us to be able to see that its encapsulated
superficially
what are some echotexture and echogenicity changes that you might see wi/ diffuse disease?
texture:
- heterogenous (most norm parenchyma is homogenous)
- irregular ot patchy parenchyma
echogenicity:
-hyperechoic, hypoechoic, anechoic, isoechoic
what are the 3 categories of focal mass lesions
- cystic (fluid filled)
- solid (tissue)
- mixed or complex (fluid and tissue)
what are the 4 criteria for simple cysts
- no internal echos (anechoic)
- strong back wall (due to lack of attenuation)
- posterior enhancement (most reliable sign)
- defined borders (round of oval shaped)
what does the echogenicity of a structure depend on
depends on the echogenicity of surrounding tissues (hematomas can be hyperechoic is normal tissue or hypoechoic is fatty tissue)
what are the 2 ways to describe a complex cyst and how might they appear
- mostly cystic:
- small solid nodules
- septations
- debris - Mostly solid
- mostly composed of tissue w/ smaller cystic areas
can both types of complex cysts show posterior enhancement
yes
