C10

Question 1

What are ceramics

Answer 1

Non metal solids with high melting points that arnt made from carbon based compounds

Question 2

What are some examples of ceramics

Answer 2

Glass and clay

Question 3

How is clay made

Answer 3

Dug up from ground, wtter and molded into diferent shapes and then cooked at high temp in a furnace

Question 4

How is glass made

Answer 4

. Sodalime glass - heat mixture of limestone, sand and sodium carbonate
. Borosilicate - made of sand and boron trioxide

Question 5

What are composites

Answer 5

Materials made of one material embedded in another. Fibres or fragments of a material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

Question 6

What are some examples of composites

Answer 6

. Fibreglass
. carbon fibre
. Concrete
. Wood

Question 7

Describe low density polymers

Answer 7

Made at moderate temps under high pressure. Flexible. Used for bags and bottles

Question 8

Describe high density polymers

Answer 8

. Made at lower temp and pressure with a catalyst. More rigid. Used for water tanks and drain pipes

Question 9

What are thermosoftening polymers

Answer 9

Individual polymer chains entwined together with weah forced between the chains. Can be melted and remoulded

Question 10

What are thermosetting polymers

Answer 10

Contains monomers wich can create crosslinks between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure. Don’t soften when heated

Question 11

What are the properties of ceramics

Answer 11

Insulators of heat and electricity
Brittle
Stiff

Question 12

Proper it’s of polymers

Answer 12

Insulators
Flexible
Easily moulded

Question 13

Properties of composites

Answer 13

Depend on matrix/binder and the reinforcement. Have diferent uses

Question 14

Properties of metal

Answer 14

Malleable
Good conductor electricity
Ductile
Shiny
Stiff

Question 15

What is corrosion and what metals does this occur with

Answer 15

This is when metals react with substances in thier environment and are gradually destroyed. Occurs with iron and steel

Question 16

What is needed for corrosion/rusting to occur

Answer 16

Oxygen and water

Question 17

What is the word equation for rusting

Answer 17

Iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron (lll) oxide

Question 18

How can rusting be prevented

Answer 18

. Coat with plastic
. Electroplating
. Oiling and greesing
. Galvsnise by spraying with coating of zinc

Question 19

What is a finite resource

Answer 19

A resource that will eventually run out eg: natural resources

Question 20

What are the risks of extracting finite resources

Answer 20

. People have to balance social, economic and environmental effects of extracting finite resources

Question 21

How can extracting resources be unsustainable

Answer 21

Due to the amount tof energy used and amount of waste produced

Question 22

What is one way of improving sustainability of copper

Answer 22

By extracting from low grade ores (ores without much copper in it)

Question 23

What is bioleaching

Answer 23

Bacteria is used to convert copper compounds in the ore into soluble copper compounds, seperating out the copper from the ore in the process.
The leachate(solution produced my this process) contains copper ions wich can be extracted via electrolysis

Question 24

What is phytomining

Answer 24

Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plant can’t use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plant can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. the ash contains soluble copper compounds which can be extracted by electrolysis

Question 25

What is the issue with the traditional method of extracting copper?

Answer 25

Damaging to the environment

Question 26

What is recycling metals important?

Answer 26

. Recycling them uses less energy than mining and extracting them . It conserves thé finite amount of metal . Cuts down amount of waste going I to landfill

Question 27

How are metals recycled?

Answer 27

By melting them and temoulding them into new products

Question 28

How can recycling glass he sustainable?

Answer 28

It reduces the amount of energy needed to make new glass products, and also the amount of waste created when used glass is thrown away

Question 29

How can glass be recycled

Answer 29

. Reusing glass bottles . Glass can be seperated by colour and chemical composition. It is then melted, crushed and reshapedto form new products

Question 30

What is a life cycle assessment

Answer 30

This shows the total environmental costs. It looks at every stage of a products life to asess the impact it would have on the environment

Question 31

What is stage 1 of the life cycle assessment

Answer 31

Getting the raw materials. The extracting of these can damage the local environment and result in pollution due to amount of energy needed for it . Raw materials often need to be processed to extract desired material wich requires lots of energy

Question 32

What is stage 2 of the life cycle assessment

Answer 32

. Manufacturing and packaging. . Theses products can use lots of energy and and can also cause polluting . Creates waste products. Some chemical reactions used to make compounds from there raw material creates waste products, but some can be turned into other useful chemicals

Question 33

What is stage 3 of the life cycle assessment

Answer 33

. Using the product . The use of some products can harm the environment. Eg - burning fuels . How long the product can be use for matters since products that use lots of energy to make but last for ages means less waste in the long run

Question 34

What is stage 4 of the life cycle assessment

Answer 34

. Product disposal . Products often disposed in landfill sights - takes up space and can pollute land and water . Ebergy is sued to transport waste into landfill which causes pollutants to be released onto the atmosphere . Might be incinerated which causes air pollution

Question 35

What is potable water

Answer 35

Water that isn't a pure substance but is safe to drink

Question 36

How is most portable water produced

Answer 36

. Choosing an apropriate source of fresh water . Passing the water through filters for filterisation - done by passing water through a mesh to remove large objects . Sterilising the water using sterilising agents eg:chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light. Done to kill bacteria or microbes in water so it is safe to drink

Question 37

What is desalination

Answer 37

Making potable water from salty water or sea water. This can be done by distilation or by reverse osmosis wich uses a membrane

Question 38

What is waste water produced from

Answer 38

Urban life styles and industry processes

Question 39

What hat does sewage and agricultural waste water require the removal of?

Answer 39

Organic matter, harmful microbes

Question 40

What does industrial waste water require the removal of

Answer 40

Organic matter Harmful chemicals

Question 41

What does sewage treatment include

Answer 41

. Screening and grid removal - removing large bits like tigs . Sédimentation to remove sewage sludge which sinks to the bottom and effluent which floats to the top . Anearobic digestion of sewage sludge which is when air is pumped into the water to kill bacteria and break down organic matter and stérilisés water .

Question 42

What is the harbor process

Answer 42

Process that produces ammonia which is used to make firtilisers

Question 43

What is ammonia made from

Answer 43

Nitrogen and hydrogen