C10 - Agricultural Waste Management System Component Design

Question 1

A _____ can be a piece of equipment, such as a
pump; a structure, such as a waste storage tank; or an operation, such as composting.

Answer 1

component

Question 2

examples of components that reduce the volume
of waste material that needs management

Answer 2

Roof gutters and downspouts

Question 3

Fences and walls that facilitate collection of waste confine the cattle, thus _____ the volume.

Answer 3

increase

Question 4

should be diverted from feedlots and
manure storage areas unless it is needed for some use, such as dilution water for waste storage ponds or treatment lagoons.

Answer 4

roof runoff

Question 5

The area of a roof that can be served by a gutter and
downspout system is controlled by ____

Answer 5

either the flow capacity of the gutter (channel flow) or by the capacity of the downspout (orifice flow)

Question 6

The gutter’s capacity may be computed using _____.

Answer 6

Manning’s equation

Question 7

Design of a gutter and downspout system is based on
the runoff from a ____ frequency, _____ rainfall
except that a _____ frequency, _____ rainfall is
used for exclusion of roof runoff from waste treatment
lagoons, waste storage ponds, or similar practices.

Answer 7

10-year; 5-minute; 25-year; 5-minute

Question 8

Components that provide efficient collection of animal waste include

Answer 8

paved alleys, gutters, and slatted floors with associated mechanical
and hydraulic equipment

Question 9

are paved areas where the animals walk. They
generally are arranged in straight lines between animal
feeding and bedding areas.

Answer 9

ALLEYS

Question 10

On _____, animal
hoofs work the manure through the slats into the
alleys below, and the manure is collected by flushing
or scraping the alleys.

Answer 10

slatted floors

Question 11

is dedicated to a
given alley. It is propelled using electrical drives
attached by cables or chains.

Answer 11

MECHANICAL SCRAPER

Question 12

can be used in irregularly shaped
alleys and open areas where mechanical scrapers
cannot function properly.

Answer 12

TRACTOR SCRAPER

Question 13

depends on the desires of the
producer and the width of available equipment.

Answer 13

WIDTH OF ALLEYS

Question 14

typically vary from 8 to 14 feet for
dairy and beef cattle and from 3 to 8 feet for swine
and poultry.

Answer 14

scrape alley widths

Question 15

Alleys that can also be cleaned by flushing.

Answer 15

flush alleys

Question 16

is critical
and can vary between 1.25 and 5 percent. It may
change for long flush alleys.

Answer 16

grade

Question 17

The alley should be level
______ to the centerline.

Answer 17

perpendicular

Question 18

The length and width of the flush alley are also factors. Most flush alleys should be less than ____ long.

Answer 18

200 feet

Question 19

should be cleaned at least
twice per day.

Answer 19

flush alleys and gutter

Question 20

can be used to control flushing devices.

Answer 20

float switches

Question 21

In some parts of the country where wastewater is
recycled from lagoons for flush water, salt crystals
(_____) may form inside pipes and pumps and cause decreased flow.

Answer 21

struvite

Question 22

_____ are narrow trenches used to collect animal
waste. They are often employed in confined stall or
stanchion dairy barns and in some swine facilities.

Answer 22

Gutters

Question 23

which are also known as gravity
gutters or gravity flow channels, provide a simple
alternative for collecting dairy manure

Answer 23

Step-dam gutters

Question 24

are frequently used in confined stall
dairy barns. The gutters are 16 to 24 inches wide, 12 to 16 inches deep, and generally do not have any bottom slope.

Answer 24

scrape gutters

Question 25

are powered by electric motors and are used in continuous loops to service one or more rows of stalls.

Answer 25

Chain and flight scrapers

Question 26

Common slat openings range from ____, depending on animal type.

Answer 26

3/8 inch to 1 3/4 inches

Question 27

For swine, openings between _____ are not recommended.

Answer 27

3/8 and 3/4 inch

Question 28

________ are designed to support the weight of the slats plus the live loads (animals, humans, and mobile equipment) expected for the particular facility.

Answer 28

Slats

Question 29

is required in concrete slats to provide needed strength.

Answer 29

reinforcing steel

Question 30

Many factors are involved in determining the storage period. They include the ______________________

Answer 30

weather, crop, growing season, equipment availability, soil, soil condition, labor requirements, and management flexibility

Question 31

ponds are earthen impoundments used to retain manure, bedding, and runoff liquid.

Answer 31

waste storage

Question 32

_________ can be used for manure that will stack and can be handled by solid manure handling equipment.

Answer 32

Waste storage structures

Question 33

The primary materials used in constructing timber structures for solids storage are ___________

Answer 33

pressure-treated or rot-resistant wood and reinforced concrete

Question 34

Factors to consider in the design of storage facilities for solids include _________________

Answer 34

type, number and size of animals, number of days storage desired, and the amount of bedding that will be added to the manure

Question 35

He selected an alternative that includes solid manure storage for his 100 Holstein milking cows and 52 heifers. His nutrient management plan indicates the need for 90 days storage.

Answer 35

Mr. Ralph Kilpatrick

Question 36

The animal descriptions, average weight, and numbers are entered on lines 1 and 2. The number of equivalent animal units for each animal type is calculated and entered on line 4.

Answer 36

manure production

Question 37

is the sum of the bedding volume for all animal types.

Answer 37

total bedding volume (TBV)

Question 38

is the sum of the total manure production (TVM) and the total bedding volume (TBV).

Answer 38

total waste volume (WV) (line 16)

Question 39

should be calculated from soil strength values determined from results of appropriate soil tests.

Answer 39

lateral earth pressure

Question 40

____ is frequently the least expensive type of storage; however, certain restrictions, such as limited space availability, high precipitation, water table, permeable soils, or shallow bedrock, can limit the types of storage considered.

Answer 40

Earthen storage

Question 41

are used to unload storage ponds

Answer 41

Gravity pipes, pumping platforms, and ramps

Question 42

____ are used in many cases to compensate for site conditions or improve operation of the pond.

Answer 42

Pond liners

Question 43

___ can be constructed of metal, concrete, or wood.

Answer 43

Liquid manure storage tanks

Question 44

____ can be loaded using slatted floors, push-off ramps, gravity pipes or gutters, or pumps.

Answer 44

Below-ground tanks

Question 45

____ are typically loaded by a pump moving the manure from a reception pit.

Answer 45

Aboveground tanks

Question 46

_____ can be from the top or bottom of the tank depending on such factors as desired agitation, minimized pumping head, weather conditions, and system management.

Answer 46

Tank loading

Question 47

The primary materials used to construct manure tanks are

Answer 47

reinforced concrete, metal, and wood.

Question 48

Liquid waste storage ponds and structures should be sized to hold all of the manure, bedding, wastewater from milkhouse, flushing, and contaminated runoff that can be expected during the storage period.

Answer 48

Sizing

Question 49

Waste storage ponds must not allow excess seepage.

Answer 49

Pond sealing

Question 50

is the total volume of waste material that will be stored including total manure (TVM), total wastewater (TWW), and total bedding volume (TBV).

Answer 50

Waste volume

Question 51

The desired depth is the total planned depth based on such considerations as foundation condition, tank wall design, and standard drawing depth available.

Answer 51

Total depth available

Question 52

are widely accepted in the United States for the treatment of animal waste. Anaerobic

Answer 52

Anaerobic lagoons

Question 53

___ is an important consideration in the design. This can be accomplished by agitating the lagoon and pumping out the mixed sludge or by using a drag-line for removing floating or settled sludge.

Answer 53

Sludge removal

Question 54

This type of design is used to convert an anaerobic lagoon to an aerobic condition, or as an alternative, to a naturally aerated lagoon that would otherwise need to be much larger.

Answer 54

Mechanically aerated lagoon

Question 55

The _________ floats on the surface of the lagoon, lifting water into the air, thus assuring an air-water mixture.

Answer 55

Surface pump

Question 56

The _________ pumps air through water, but is generally less economical to operate than the surface pump.

Answer 56

diffused air system