C10 - Pixl

Question 1

1. Describe two ways that humans use the Earth’s natural resources.

Answer 1

warmth
shelter
food
transport.

Question 2

2. Explain what the term finite means and give an example.

Answer 2

finite – being used up faster than it is made, any suitable example.

Question 3

3. What three areas do humans process finite resources from?

Answer 3

Earth, oceans and the atmosphere.

Question 4

4. What is meant by the term sustainable development?

Answer 4

the development that that meets the needs of current generations
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

Question 5

1. Why is potable water not described as pure water by scientists?

Answer 5

It contains dissolved substances.

Question 6

2. What does the method used to produce potable water depend upon?

Answer 6

available supplies of water and local conditions.

Question 7

3. How is most potable water in the UK produced?

Answer 7

choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
passing the water through filter beds
sterilising.

Question 8

4. What two methods can be used for the desalination of salty water?

Answer 8

distillation

reverse osmosis.

Question 9

1. What needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste water?

Answer 9

Organic matter and harmful microbes.

Question 10

2. What needs to be removed from industrial waste water?

Answer 10

Organic matter and harmful chemicals.

Question 11

3. What are the four stages in the treatment of sewage?

Answer 11

screening and grit removal

sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent

anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

aerobic biological treatment of effluent.

Question 12

1. # What type of ores can phytomining and bioleaching be used on?

Answer 12

low-grade ores

Question 13

2. Why are phytomining and bioleaching used?

Answer 13

Avoids traditional mining methods of

digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

Question 14

3. How does phytomining extract metals?

Answer 14

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds
the plants are harvested and burned
this produces ash that contains metal compounds.

Question 15

4. Bioleaching uses bacteria to make leachate solutions that contain metal
   compounds, describe two ways the metals are extracted from these solutions.

Answer 15

displacement using scrap iron

electrolysis.

Question 16

Minor topic:
1. Life cycle assessments are carried out to assess the environmental impact of what
stages of a product?

Answer 16

extracting and processing raw materials
manufacturing and packaging
use and operation during its lifetime
disposal at the end of its useful life

Question 17

Minor topic:

2. What areas of life cycle assessments can be easily quantified?

Answer 17

water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes.

Question 18

Minor topic:

3. Why are value judgements needed in the production of life cycle assessments?

Answer 18

numerical values need to be allocated

Question 19

Minor topic:

1. Name three things that reduce the use of limited resources.

Answer 19

reuse, reduction in use and recycling.

Question 20

Minor topic:

2. Name three materials produced from limited resources.

Answer 20

metals/glass/building materials/ceramics/plastics/any

reasonable.

Question 21

Minor topic:

3. Other than reusing how are glass bottles recycled

Answer 21

crushed and melted

Question 22

Minor topic:

4. How are metals recycled?

Answer 22

melting and recasting

Question 22

Minor topic:

1. What is corrosion?

Answer 22

Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in
the environment.

Question 23

Minor topic:

2. What is rusting?

Answer 23

Corrosion of iron.

Question 24

Minor topic: | 3. What is needs to be present for iron to rust?

Answer 24

water and air

Question 25

Minor topic: | 5. Name four methods of preventing corrosion.

Answer 25

Greasing, painting, electroplating, galvanising

Question 26

Minor topic: | 6. Why would coating iron with zinc prevent corrosion?

Answer 26

Zinc more reactive than iron, sacrificial protection, oxygen react with zinc rather than iron.

Question 27

Minor topic: | 7. Why does aluminium not corrode?

Answer 27

Layer of aluminium oxide.

Question 28

Minor topic: | 8. Name the metals in the alloy bronze.

Answer 28

Copper and tin

Question 29

Minor topic: | 9. Name the metals in the alloy brass.

Answer 29

copper and zinc

Question 30

Minor topic: | 10.Gold jewellery is usually an alloy with which metals?

Answer 30

Silver, copper, zinc.

Question 31

Minor topic: | 11. What does the term 24 carat gold mean?

Answer 31

100% pure gold

Question 32

Minor topic: | 12.What are steels?

Answer 32

Alloys of iron.

Question 33

Minor topic: | 13.What are the properties of high carbon steel?

Answer 33

Strong, brittle.

Question 34

Minor topic: | 14.What are the properties of low carbon steel?

Answer 34

Softer, more easily shaped.

Question 35

Minor topic: | 15.What metals are added to iron to make stainless steel?

Answer 35

Chromium, nickel.

Question 36

Minor topic: | 16.What are the properties of stainless steel?

Answer 36

Hard, resistant to corrosion.

Question 37

Minor topic: | 1. How is soda-lime glass made?

Answer 37

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.

Question 38

Minor topic: | 2. How is borosilicate glass made?

Answer 38

Heating a mixture of sand and boron trioxide.

Question 39

Minor topic: | 3. How do soda-lime and borosilicate glass differ?

Answer 39

Borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature.

Question 40

Minor topic: | 4. How are clay ceramics made?

Answer 40

Shaping wet clay, heating in a furnace.

Question 41

Minor topic: | 5. Give 2 examples of clay ceramics.

Answer 41

Brick and pottery

Question 42

Minor topic: | 6. What are low density and high density poly(ethene) made from?

Answer 42

Ethene.

Question 43

Minor topic: | 7. What is a thermosetting polymer?

Answer 43

Do not melt when heated, have cross links.

Question 44

Minor topic: | 8. What is a thermosoftening polymer?

Answer 44

Melt when heated, no cross links.

Question 45

Minor topiv: | 9. What is a composite made of?

Answer 45

A matrix or binder and fibres or fragments.

Question 46

minor topic: | 10. Give 3 examples of composites.

Answer 46

Fibre glass, wood, concrete, reinforced concrete.

Question 47

1. What is a reversible reaction?

Answer 47

The products of the reaction can react to produce the original reactants

Question 48

2. (HT) Give the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia.

Answer 48

N2(g) + 3H2(g) --> 2NH3(g) should be a reversible arrow

Question 49

3. (HT) What compromises are made in the reaction conditions for the production of ammonia in the Haber process?

Answer 49

Slightly higher temperature – to increase rate of reaction; slightly lower pressure – to reduce cost and increase safety.

Question 50

4. What three elements do most fertilisers contain?

Answer 50

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium | NPK

Question 51

5. What is produced when ammonia reacts with nitric acid?

Answer 51

Salt, ammonium nitrate

Question 52

6. Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between | ammonia and nitric acid.

Answer 52

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 no reversible arrow

Question 53

7. Name two salts which are mined and can be used as fertilisers.

Answer 53

Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate.

Question 54

8. State why phosphate rock cannot be used directly as a fertiliser.

Answer 54

Insoluble

Question 55

9. What can phosphate rock be treated with to produce soluble salts?

Answer 55

acid

Question 56

10. Name the salt produced when phosphate rock reacts with: a. Nitric acid b. Sulfuric acid c. Phosphoric acid.

Answer 56

a. Nitric acid Calcium nitrate b. Sulfuric acid Single superphosphate c. Phosphoric acid. Triple superphosphate.