c11 Flashcards
polymerisation
the reaction in which small monomer units join together to form large molecules called polymers
types of polymerisation
- addition
- condensation
addition reaction
- the process in which identical alkene monomers are added together to form a polymer molecule
- the double bond in the alkene molecules open up so that they can join together to form a large polymer molecule
- reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a catalyst
condensation reaction
- involves two functional groups
- when the 2 functional groups react to join 2 monomers together, small molecules such as water are lost (condensation reactions)
- the simplest condensation polymers are produced by using two different monomer types with two of the same functional groups on each monomer
diol
an alcohol with OH on both sides (2 OH functional groups)
dicarboxylic acid
a carboxylic acid containing 2 COOH groups
polyesters
made from the condensation reaction of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid
synthetic polymers
- polystyrene
- polyester
natural / biological polymers
- DNA
- glycogen
- cellulose
- proteins
monosaccharides (monomers)
- made up of one sugar unit
- glucose
- fructose
disaccharide
a product of two monosaccharides via condensation polymerisation
e.g. glucose + fructose —> sucrose
starch polymers
- glucose monomers join together to form starch polymers
- starch is an example of a polysaccharide (lots of glucose monosaccharides joined together)
cellulose polymers
- glucose monomers join together form cellulose polymers (same process a starch)
- cellulose is made by plants
found in plant cell walls + provides the plant cell with structural support
proteins
- amino acid monomers join together via condensation polymerisation to form protein polymers (+H2O)
- there are around 20 different amino acids that can be joined in any combination to produce different proteins
- each protein has a different combination/order of amino acids in their peptide chain
functional groups of amino acids
- COOH
- NHH (NH2)
- “R” is what differentiates the different amino acids
how are polypeptides formed
amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation
what is DNA made up of
- 2 polymer chains
- 4 different monomers called nucleotides (through condensation polymerisation)
what does DNA contain
contains genetic instructions that allow all living organisms and viruses to function and develop
what is a nucleotide made of
- phosphate
- base
- deoxyribose sugar
DNA bases
the double helix “ladder” of a DNA molecule is held together by ‘rungs’ made from pairs of chemicals called bases
four types of bases
A –>T
c –>G
what can glucose monomers form
- cellulose
- starch
- glycogen
